Background: Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of many diseases. Antimicrobial treatment disadvantages highlight the need to find other possible ways such as prophylaxis to manage infections. Current vaccines against this agent include inactivated bacteria, live-attenuated bacteria, and nonpathogenic bacteria, which have disadvantages such as lack of immunogenicity, reactogenicity, or reversion to virulence wild bacteria. Using bioinformatical approaches, potentially immunogenic and protective epitopes identified and merged to design the best epitope fusion form in case of immunogenicity as a vaccine candidate. Materials and Methods: In this study, the fusion protein (PlpE1 + 2 + 3) and full PlpE genes (PlpE-Total) were cloned in pET28a in BL21 (DE3) firstly and later in pBAD/gIII A and expressed in Top10 Escherichia coli. Overlap polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using different primers for 5ˈ and 3ˈ end of each segment produced fusion segment 1 + 2 and (1 + 2) +3 fragments and was used for cloning. Results: Cloning of both PlpE1 + 2 + 3 and PlpE-Total into the pET28a vector and their transform into the BL21 (DE3) E. coli host was successful, as the presence of the cassettes was proved by digestion and colony PCR, however, their expression faced some challenges independent of expression inducer (isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside) concentration. Conclusion: Changing the vector to pBAD/gIII A and consequently changing the host to Top10 E. coli have resulted in sufficient expression, which shows that Top10 E. coli may be a good substitute for such cases. Furthermore, it is concluded that adding 8M urea results in sufficient purification, which hypothesizes that denature purification is better for such cases than native one. Purified proteins headed for further analysis as vaccine candidates.

Background: Substance abuse has turned into a great problem in the worldwide. Considering the increased prevalence of addiction in this study, we tried to assess the role of social skills aspects in tendency to addiction among the adolescents. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 600 high school students studying in the Isfahan City, Iran, from 2016 to 2018. The studied population was assessed using addiction tendency questionnaire and Matson's social skills questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software and independent t-test, Pearson and Spearman correlation, and linear regression test. Results: Social behavior (P = 0.002, r = −0.124), high self-esteem (P < 0.001, r = −0.381), and peer-communication (P < 0.001, r = −0.361) were inversely associated with a tendency to addiction and were independent predictors of it (P < 0.05). Aggression was associated with increased tendency to the addiction (P = 0.01, r = 0.103) but not a predictor. Conclusion: We found that appropriate social behaviors, inappropriate assertiveness, and functional communication were factors associated with less tendency to substance abuse in the adolescent.

Background: Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterized by severe and sudden liver cell dysfunction. Baseline demographic, clinical, and biochemical factors associated with the survival of ALF patients were identified in a few selected Western studies, but very few studies have been done in India. The aim of the current study is to provide an overview of the factors associated with the survival of ALF patients and to suggest an optimum cutoff value for clinically significant parameters. Materials and Methods: The patients suffering from ALF were reviewed in this study. The factors studied were age, sex, total serum bilirubin, serum creatinine, serum albumin, urea, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and recent hepatitis E virus infection. Results: Total n = 41; Male 73%; median age 43 years. The median survival time of patients in the age group of 18–40 years was 238 days. The median survival time of patients >40 years of age was 129.10 days. Elevated serum urea and serum ALT levels at the time of admission were found to be significant predictors of mortality in patients suffering from ALF in our study. In Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the optimum cutoff value of urea was found to be 42 mg/dL, and ALT was found to be 400 IU/L. Conclusions: Elevated serum urea and serum ALT levels at the time of admission were found to be significant predictors of mortality in patients suffering from ALF in our study. The use of these two parameters, along with King's criteria for the prognosis of ALF, can be more useful in the management of such patients in India.