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Original Article:
Statistical learning in late talkers and normal peers
Fatemeh Karimian, Yalda Kazemi, Arash Najimi
Adv Biomed Res
2020, 9:22 (29 May 2020)
DOI
:10.4103/abr.abr_14_20
Background:
Late talkers (LTs) are children under three with poor vocabularies and no developmental problems. Statistical learning (SL) is defined as processing or learning patterns of environmental stimuli, for example, spoken language, music, or motor, that will unfold in time. We hypothesize if some LTs outgrow as developmental language disorder, they might be identified using SL tasks at the onset. We aimed to find any correlation between language measures and SL outcomes in LTs and normal children (NC).
Materials and Methods:
Sixteen pairs of LTs and NCs were recruited using a convenient sampling method from day-care centers and speech therapy clinics of the Comprehensive Center for Child Development in Isfahan city, Iran. Visual sequences presented using Habit software version 2.2.4. Children's eye movements to visual sequences were monitored, and their reaction times and the number of anticipatory looks were analyzed offline. The language measures were determined in the free-play context.
Results:
Results indicated no significant correlation between SL and language measures and no difference observed in SL between the groups (
P
= 0.73).
Conclusions:
The results may refer to no overt correlation between SL and delayed overall linguistic measures along with inadequate samples, children's fatigue, or insufficiency of the visual task in presenting SL.
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Original Article:
In vitro
evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of
Litsea iteodaphne
against a selected group of bacteria including methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Uyanahewa Gamage Shashini Janesha, Hasanga Rathnayake, Ruwani Punyakanthi Hewawasam, Weerasinghe Mudiyanselage Dilip Gaya Bandara Wijayaratne
Adv Biomed Res
2020, 9:21 (29 May 2020)
DOI
:10.4103/abr.abr_234_19
Background:
The quest for scientific endorsement of new drugs from plants continues due to the rising antibiotic resistance against pathogenic bacteria.
Litsea iteodaphne
is used in Sri Lanka in the treatment of infectious diseases. Therefore,
in vitro
antibacterial activity of
L. iteodaphne
plant extracts were evaluated against selected human pathogenic bacteria.
Materials and Methods:
Antibacterial activity of 400, 40, and 4 mg/ml concentrations of hexane, ethanol, and aqueous leaf extracts of
L. iteodaphne
were evaluated against
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Psedomona
s
aeruginosa
,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,
and methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA) clinical isolates using disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was identified, and phytochemical screening was carried out.
Results:
Significant zones of inhibition ranging from 5.7 mm to 8.1 mm, 7.1 mm to 8.0 mm, and 7.6 mm were obtained for ethanol, hexane, and aqueous extracts at 400 mg/ml, respectively, against above four bacteria. For MRSA clinical isolates, zones of inhibition ranging from 6.1 mm to 10.9 mm, 6.7 mm to 10.8 mm, and 6.4 mm to 8.6 mm were obtained for ethanol, hexane, and aqueous extracts at 400 mg/ml, respectively. Ethanol extract of
L. iteodaphne
showed the lowest MIC value (0.0256 mg/ml). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, cardiac glycosides, reducing sugars, phenolic compounds, saponins, and flavonoids.
Conclusions:
L. iteodaphne
crude leaf extracts showed promising antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and clinical isolates of MRSA. Further investigations toward fractionation and the identification of an active compound will enhance the antimicrobial potential of
L. iteodaphne
.
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Original Article:
Advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques in tuberculous meningitis
Sukriti Kumar, Manish Gutch
Adv Biomed Res
2020, 9:20 (29 May 2020)
DOI
:10.4103/abr.abr_222_19
Background:
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a highly devastating manifestation of tuberculosis. So far, the major role of the neuroradiology in the management of TBM has been restricted to diagnosis and follow-up of the complications. This study aimed to establish the use of advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques in the early detection of sequelae of TBM like vasculitis and hydrocephalous.
Materials and Methods:
In this prospective observational study, 30 patients of TBM were recruited during 1 year at a tertiary care health center of northern India and their serial MRI brain was done. Patients were between 18 and 45 years of age.
Results:
Basal/Sylvian exudates were seen in 90% of patients, hydrocephalus was found in 30% of patients and infarcts were found in 27% of patients. No significant difference was found between the mean, mean diffusivity (MD), and mean fractional anisotropy (FA) in frontal white matter, basal ganglia, thalamus, pons of cases and controls. A significant difference was seen between mean cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the region of basal ganglia of cases and controls (
P
< 0.05). No significant difference was seen between mean CBF in frontal white matter, thalamus of cases and controls. Diffusion tensor imaging parameters, MD, and FA were abnormal in the region of infarcts (basal ganglia) in three patients in the first scan, the parameters normalized in one patient (late subacute to chronic infarct in the first scan), and they remained abnormal in two patients.
Conclusion:
Advanced MRI techniques (magnetization transfer imaging) is helpful in visualizing hyperintense thickened meninges in basal cisterns and Sylvian fissures on pre-contrast imaging, and in identifying reduced CBF in the region of basal ganglia.
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Original Article:
How to predict difficult tracheal intubation: The application of acromio-axillo-suprasternal notch index
Mohammad Nasr-Esfahani, Azim Honarmand, Seyed Mohammadreza Safavi, Motahareh Anvari Tafti
Adv Biomed Res
2020, 9:19 (29 May 2020)
DOI
:10.4103/abr.abr_228_19
Background:
The incidence of difficult laryngoscopy or tracheal intubation is high, which needs a method to predict the difficulty of tracheal intubation to decrease the rate of complications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate acromio-axillo-suprasternal notch index (AASI) method for predicting difficult tracheal intubation and difficult laryngoscopy.
Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional and diagnostic value study was performed on 108 patients who had indication for endotracheal intubation in the emergency department. Before endotracheal intubation, AASI was evaluated in all patients. The sensitivity, specificity, and total accuracy for predicting the power of AASI for the difficulty of tracheal intubation were measured.
Results:
Based on Cormack and Lehane grading system, 54 patients had easy endotracheal intubation (33.3% Grade I and 66.6% Grade II) and 52 patients had difficult endotracheal intubation (57.7% Grade III and 32.7% Grade IV). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall accuracy for AASI in cutoff point 0.515 for predicting difficulty of endotracheal intubation with 0.857 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 84.6%, 77.7%, 78.5%, 84%, and 81.13%, respectively.
Conclusions:
Our results showed that predicting difficulty of endotracheal intubation by AASI is accurate and with high sensitivity and specificity values, therefore, training this method to emergency physicians should be considered in our country or other countries. Further studies are required to confirm our findings.
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Original Article:
Investigation of efficacy of short-acting methylphenidate (Ritalin) and long-acting (Matoride) on symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children aged 6–18 years: A single-blind, randomized clinical trial
Mojgan Karahmadi, Sahar Saadatmand, Mohammad Javad Tarahi
Adv Biomed Res
2020, 9:18 (29 May 2020)
DOI
:10.4103/abr.abr_9_20
Background:
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of long-acting versus short-acting methylphenidate on the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents aged 6–18 years.
Materials and Methods:
This single-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted on 150 children and adolescents aged 6–18 years with ADHD based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder-5 criteria. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups (Matoride or Ritalin). In the first group, Ritalin was prescribed 2/3 times a day, and in the second group, Matoride was prescribed once a day for 3 weeks. The Conner's questionnaire was completed by the parents of the participants for evaluation of the performance and symptoms of ADHD in both groups at the beginning and 3 weeks after treatment. In addition, the incidence of any drug complications at the end of 3-week treatment period was evaluated.
Results:
There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups before the intervention (
P
> 0.05) in the dimensions of attention deficit, emotional reaction, behavioral disorder, learning disorder, and impulsivity. At the postinterventional periods, behavioral disorder of the Ritalin group was statistically significantly lower than that of the Matoride group (
P
= 0.001). This treatment did not have a statistically significant effect on the total score of Conners (
P
= 0.255). Complications were seen in 58 cases (77.3%) of Matoride group and 49 ones (67.1%) of the Ritalin group. Weight loss in the Ritalin group was higher than that of the Matoride group (
P
= 0.019). Compared to the Ritalin group, anxiety was higher in the Matoride group (
P
= 0.022).
Conclusion:
Given the similar effect of Matoride and Ritalin and no significant difference in drug complications, it seems that Matoride (slow release) can be used as an alternative to Ritalin (short acting).
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2022
July
[
6
]
June
[
8
]
May
[
9
]
April
[
7
]
March
[
7
]
February
[
5
]
January
[
6
]
2021
December
[
9
]
November
[
8
]
October
[
4
]
September
[
4
]
August
[
2
]
July
[
4
]
June
[
3
]
May
[
1
]
March
[
2
]
February
[
3
]
January
[
6
]
2020
December
[
6
]
November
[
5
]
October
[
12
]
September
[
8
]
August
[
5
]
July
[
6
]
June
[
1
]
May
[
5
]
April
[
5
]
March
[
2
]
February
[
3
]
January
[
5
]
2019
December
[
2
]
November
[
4
]
October
[
4
]
September
[
4
]
August
[
5
]
July
[
3
]
June
[
7
]
May
[
3
]
April
[
4
]
March
[
3
]
February
[
6
]
2018
December
[
1
]
November
[
8
]
October
[
7
]
September
[
2
]
August
[
9
]
July
[
7
]
June
[
9
]
May
[
12
]
April
[
15
]
March
[
13
]
February
[
14
]
January
[
19
]
2017
December
[
8
]
November
[
16
]
October
[
9
]
September
[
8
]
August
[
13
]
July
[
17
]
June
[
10
]
May
[
9
]
April
[
9
]
March
[
16
]
February
[
7
]
January
[
6
]
2016
December
[
10
]
November
[
18
]
October
[
10
]
September
[
8
]
August
[
17
]
July
[
14
]
June
[
16
]
May
[
14
]
April
[
10
]
March
[
27
]
February
[
14
]
January
[
13
]
2015
December
[
2
]
November
[
14
]
October
[
24
]
September
[
27
]
August
[
8
]
July
[
26
]
June
[
9
]
May
[
35
]
March
[
11
]
February
[
19
]
January
[
29
]
2014
December
[
14
]
November
[
21
]
October
[
18
]
September
[
16
]
August
[
21
]
July
[
12
]
June
[
8
]
May
[
17
]
April
[
2
]
March
[
15
]
February
[
10
]
January
[
56
]
2013
November
[
8
]
October
[
4
]
July
[
18
]
June
[
8
]
March
[
32
]
2012
December
[
4
]
October
[
14
]
August
[
29
]
July
[
10
]
May
[
7
]
March
[
7
]
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