Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) continues to be an increasing public health problem in Iran. The dominant etiologic agents of CL in the Old World are Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica. One of the important endemic foci of CL in Iran is Yazd. Recently, previous studies showed the equal prevalence of L. major and L. tropica as the agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in this area. This prompted us to identify the genotype of L. major isolates obtained from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Materials and Methods: After completing a clinical/epidemiologic data questionnaire for 218 patients with suspected skin lesions, scraping samples were collected, and each specimen was examined using both direct microscopy and molecular assay of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results : Results showed that of the 218 samples, Leishman body was observed in 77 by direct smear and 104 by PCR assay. Molecular assay indicated 50 cases as L. major, 52 cases as L. tropica, and two cases as unknown. Molecular characterization of L. major isolates showed four patterns, named LmA1, LmA2, LmA3, and LmA4. Conclusion: Our study is the first report for molecular characterization of L. major from one of the important central province of Iran that could affect the control strategies in this field.

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the highly prevalent risk factors influencing growth and development among pre-school children in rural population of developing countries. A child's brain during the first 3 years of life is rapidly developing through generation of neurons, synaptogenesis, axonal, and dendric growth and synaptic pruning each of which build upon each other. Any interruption in this process, such as trauma, stress, under-nutrition or lack of nutrients can have long-term effects on the brain's structure and on the child's socio-emotional development. Children's development is essentially cumulative in nature and hence, the early years of life are the foundation for later development. A Med-line search was done to review relevant articles in English literature on evaluation of risk factors influencing child development. Data were constructed and issues were reviewed from there. Influences upon children's development tend to be specific in nature and developmental influences rarely operate in isolation from each other. Developmental risk factors tend to cluster together thereby, interventions designed to facilitate development must be multifocal in nature, integrating influences from different domains.

Background: Current treatment strategies of psoriasis are not completely satisfactorily. By inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, nicotinamide may enhance the effects of current topical treatments. We investigated whether the combination of topical calcipotriol and nicotinamide is more effective than calcipotriol alone in treatment of psoriasis. Materials and Methods: Adult patients with mild to moderate psoriasis were randomized to receive topical calcipotriol 0.005% and nicotinamide 4% in combination or calcipotriol 0.005% alone, twice daily for 12 weeks. Patients were visited by a dermatologist at baseline and then after the first and third month of therapy, and psoriasis severity was evaluated using the modified psoriasis area and severity index (PASI). Also, patient's satisfaction was evaluated at the end of the trial using a 10-point rating scale. Results: Sixty-five patients (35 males, mean age = 36.5 ± 8.5 years) completed the trial. Lesions on both sides were similar regarding baseline PASI score. At the end of the trial, PASI score was more reduced with calcipotriol+nicotinamide compared to calcipotriol alone (83.6 ± 7.9% vs. 77.8 ± 9.7%, P < 0.001). Patients were also more satisfied with the improvement of lesions with calcipotriol+nicotinamide compared with calcipotriol alone (P < 0.001). Side effects included mild erythema and pruritus (4.6%) and moderate burning and sensitivity to light (3.0%). Conclusions: Nicotinamide can enhance the efficacy of calcipotriol when used in combination for topical psoriasis treatment, and it may be a good adjuvant to the current treatment regimens of psoriasis.

Background: Rotator cuff disease is a common cause of shoulder pain. There are studies about the effectiveness of sodium hyaluronate injection on shoulder and knee pain, but few studies demonstrating the efficacy of sodium hyaluronate ultrasonography guided injection for rotator cuff disease. This study evaluates effectiveness of ultrasonography guided subacromial sodium hyaluronate injection in patients with impingment syndrome without rotator cuff complete tear. Materials and Methods: This prospective, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial study was performed among 40 patients with subacromial impingement syndrome without complete tear of rotator cuff. Patients randomly injected ultrasonography guided in 2 groups: Case group by 20 mg of sodium hyaluronate (Fermathron™) and control group by 0.9% normal saline. Both groups received 3 weekly injections. The pain score (100 mm visual analogue score [VAS]) was evaluated before first injection and one week after each injection. The constant score was evaluated before first and 12 week after last injection. Data was analyzed statistically by Independent t-test. Results: In both groups mean VAS has decreased, but more significantly in case group (P < 0.001). Mean constant score was significantly higher in case group 12 weeks after last injection (P < 0.001). The constant score improved 12 weeks after the last injection in both groups with a significantly better result in case group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Subacromial injections of sodium hyaluronate are effective in treating rotator cuff disease without complete tears.

Background: Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) with gradual decreasing of nicotine is one of the smoking cessation methods. Muccoadhesive formulations are among the novel drug delivery systems that are available in the form of tablets and films, and can be used for NRT. Muccoadhesive nicotine tablets when placed in the upper gum will attach to the buccal mucosa and release nicotine content in a controlled manner. This will meet the immediate and long-term need of the individual to the nicotine, such that the person can decrease his/her dependency on smoking. ^[1] Materials and Methods: In this study, the tablets were prepared using different conventional bioadhesive polymers such as Hydroxypropyl Methycellulose (HPMC) 50cps, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (NaCMC), and carbapol 934 (CP934) in singular or mixture form. Magnesium hydroxide were used as the pH increasing agent; magnesium stearate as the lubricant; and lactose as the excipiente. Nicotine hydrogen bitartrate, more stable than the liquid, was used in different formulations. Pharmaceutics characteristics such as adhesion degree and drug release rate were evaluated. Results: Increasing of HPMC 50cps in the formulations decrease speed release of nicotine. The carbapol in formulations beget slow releasing of nicotine. With increasing the percent of lactose, the rate of release in formulations was increased. Formulations, which have HPMC 50cps has best adhesiveness and the formulations contains carbapol had not suitable adhesiveness. Formulations contains NaCMC were very fast release and had not suitable adhesiveness. Conclusion: The formulation contains mixture of HPMC50cps and CP934 was the best because of suitable adhesiveness and minimum swing in release.

Background: We designed a study to evaluate the effectiveness of continuous low dose infusion of remifentanil adding to self-administration of entonox administered for pain relief during the active phase of first stage of labor. Materials and Methods: Thirty healthy term pregnant women recruited in our randomized double-blind, cross over study. They received the study medicines during two 30-min periods with a 15-min wash-out sequence after each period. Fifteen parturient used remifentanil as a single bolus dose followed by constant low dose infusion and self-administration of entonox (group R) during the first period and entonox and saline (group P) during the second period, while the remainder of the parturient used the drugs in a reverse order. Pain and Ramsay score, maternal and fetal hemodynamic, and ventilation were assessed during each intervention. Results: In this study, mean pain severity scores were 8 ± 0.9 before and 5.4 ± 1.7 after intervention in group P, and 7.8 ± 0.1, 3.5 ± 1.3 in group R, respectively. Mean pain severity difference was 2.6 ± 1.5 in group P, while 4.3 ± 1.5 in group R; so, use of entonox and remifentanil can decrease labor pain two times more in comparison with entonox/placebo (normal saline). However, hemodynamic and ventilation parameter in remifentanil/entonox period were same as in entonox/placebo period. No statistical differences were seen in mean Ramsay score between group R and P. There was no episode of maternal bradycardia, hypotension, or hypoxemia. Conclusion: Not only adding low dose infusion of remifentanil to self-administration of entonox was notable in labor pain reduction, it did n't make more parturient and neonatal side-effects.

Background: During the last decades there has been great attention paid to aflatoxins. They are highly toxic, immunosuppressive, mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic compounds. Aflatoxin M ₁ (AFM1), a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B ₁ (AFB1), is formed in the liver and excreted into the breast milk. It is considered to cause certain hygienic risks for infant health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of the AFM1 in the breast milk using AFM1 in milk as a biomarker for exposure to aflatoxin B ₁ and determine the level of AFM1 contamination in the lactating mothers in Isfahan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 80 lactating women randomly selected from two urban health centers. Mother's milk samples and information on food intake were collected from the participants using structured food-frequency questionnaire. Breast milk samples were tested for AFM1 by a competitive ELISA technique. Results: Our findings showed that only one sample was contaminated with AFM1 with concentrations of 6.8 ng/L. However, the AFM1 level in this sample was lower than the maximum tolerable limit (25 ng/L) accepted by the European Communities and Codex Alimentarius. Conclusion: Although the concentration of AFM1 in none of the samples was higher than the acceptable level, the presence of AFM1 in only one of them confirms the need for developing strategies to reduce exposure to aflatoxin in foods and to carry out biological monitoring of aflatoxins as a food quality control measure routinely.

Introduction: Haloperidol has an established role in nausea and vomiting prophylaxis and possible effects on multiple aspects of postoperative recovery including pain and sedation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-dose intraoperative intravenous haloperidol on quality of recovery (QoR) and pain control after general anesthesia and surgery. Methods: Ninety eight American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II patients undergoing elective general, gynecologic or orthopedic surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either haloperidol 2 mg or sterile water intravenously after induction of anesthesia. All patients were given elastometric morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump for pain control after the surgery. Post-operative QoR was evaluated within 20 min in the recovery room and 6 h post-operatively. Pain intensity and demand for additional analgesic was measured in the 6 ^th post-operative hour. Results: The QoR score in two measurements was not statistically different between the two groups. Haloperidol significantly reduced the nausea in the recovery. The visual analog scale pain score showed that the severity of pain in the haloperidol group was more than the placebo group (4.7 ± 2.4 vs. 3.8 ± 2.5, P = 0.05). Conclusion: Intraoperative small-dose IV haloperidol is effective against post-operative nausea and vomiting with no significant effect on overall QoR. It may also attenuate the analgesic effects of morphine PCA.

Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (PAVF) is a venous malformation that permits right to left shunting of blood, bypassing the pulmonary capillary bed. Often PAVFs are seen in association with hereditary conditions. On the other hand, isolated PAVFs are rare and asymptomatic. There have been few reports of isolated PAVF related complications. A patient was referred to us with dysarthria and diplopia and history of surgically-treated PAVF. Further evaluations revealed a stroke in thalamic region. We found an open PAVF in a case of thalamic stroke.

Background: Notch signaling is a key factor for angiogenesis in physiological and pathological condition and γ-secretase is the regulator of Notch signaling. The main goal of this study was to assess the effect of (N-[N-(3,5-Diflurophenaacetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-Butyl Ester) DAPT, a γ-secretase inhibitor, on serum angiogenic biomarkers, and tumor angiogenesis in control mice. Materials and Methods: Tumor was induced by inoculation of colon adenocarcinoma cells (CT26) in 12 male Balb/C mice. When tumors size is reached to a 350 ± 50 mm ³ , the animals were randomly divided into two groups: control and DAPT (n = 6/group). DAPT was injected subcutaneously 10 mg/kg/day. After 14 days, blood samples were taken and the tumors were harvested for immunohistochemical staining. Results: Administration of DAPT significantly increased serum nitric oxide concentration and reduced vascular endothelial growth factor receptors-1 (VEGFR1) concentration without changes on serum VEGF concentration. DAPT reduced tumor vascular density in control mice (280.6 ± 81 vs. 386 ± 59.9 CD31 positive cells/mm ² ), although, it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: It seems that γ-secretase inhibitors can be considered for treatment of disorders with abnormal angiogenesis such as tumor angiogenesis.

Background: Generally, the electrolyte abnormalities are seen in many hospitalized patients, and this problem increases in ones with heart diseases. The purpose of this study is determination of the prevalence of electrolyte abnormalities during the coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) and detecting the relationship between these abnormalities with the complications after the surgeries. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, which is done in Chamran hospital, the medical and educational center of Isfahan, Iran, in 2011. The target population included the patients who have undergone CABG in this hospital. In this study, 100 patients who had been candidates for CABG were selected, and we extracted their recorded intra-operative electrolyte information. The collected data was entered into the computer and analyzed by SPSS software. The Chi-square and t student tests were used for data analysis. Results: The mean ± SD of sodium during CABG was 137.95 ± 4.6 (range 127-152) mg\dl. Also, the mean ± SD of potassium was 4.65 ± 0.9 (range: 2.9-7.4). According to these results, 48 patients (48% of all) had electrolyte imbalance and 52 patients (52% of all) were normal. Sodium level in 71% of patients was normal, and in 29% of them was abnormal. Potassium level in 73% of individuals was normal, and in 27% of them was abnormal. Conclusion: Giving an attention to electrolyte abnormalities in patients who have undergone CABG surgery is a considerable necessity for them, and sufficient arrangements are needed to prevent such abnormalities.

Background: Cognitive dysfunction after surgery is common in elderly patients. Many factors such as anesthetic drugs can cause complication in this surgery. Lidocaine is one of the drugs commonly used during anesthesia. So, we designed this study to find out cognitive effect of lidocaine in elderly patients undergoing non-cardiac surgeries. Materials and Methods: In this double-blinded clinical trial, we enrolled 70 patients older than 65 years age undergoing urologic or orthopedic surgeries, were divided in two groups. Patients randomly received intravenous lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) or normal saline in the same volume immediately before extubation. Mini mental state examination (MMSE) test was used to evaluate cognitive state at discharge time, 6 and 24 h after surgery. Results: Mean MMSE scores at the time of discharge from recovery room in lidocaine and saline groups were 22.4 ± 4.5 vs. 22.1 ± 4.4, P = 0.755, respectively. It was significantly lower than MMSE before surgery, 6 and 24 h after the operation. The mean MMSE scores and frequency distribution of intensity of cognitive impairments were not significantly different between two groups at different times. Conclusion: Bolus intravenous lidocaine before extubation, did not affect cognitive states in elders undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Effect of lidocaine on cardiac surgeries is clear, but in non-cardiac surgeries, lidocaine has no clinical effects. So, more studies with different doses of lidocaine and different assessment methods are recommended.

Background: One of the serious problems that opioid addicted people are facing is repeated withdrawal syndrome that is accompanying with a significant stress load for addicts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of repeated withdrawal on spatial learning, memory and serum cortisol levels in morphine-dependent mice. Materials and Methods: Male NMRI mice received morphine as daily increasing doses for 3 days. After that, the mice underwent one time or repeated spontaneous or pharmacologic (naloxone-precipitated) withdrawal. Then spatial learning and memory were investigated by morris water maze test, and at the end trunk blood samples were collected for measurement of serum cortisol levels. Results: The results showed that only repeated spontaneous withdrawal significantly increases escape latency ( P < 0.05), and in other models of withdrawal, spatial learning and memory were intact. The results of probe trial were intact in all groups. Radioimmunoassay showed that serum cortisol levels were increased significantly in all models of withdrawal ( P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) except the repeated spontaneous withdrawal. Conclusion: The results showed that short periods of withdrawal syndrome can increase serum cortisol levels; however they do not affect spatial learning and memory. Nevertheless, repeated spontaneous withdrawal can make learning slow.

Background: Hyaline cartilage tissue of joints is susceptible to injuries due to avascularity. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used for cartilage tissue engineering. Among MSCs, adipose stem cells (ASCs) are attractive because of accessibility, their large number, and rapid growth. Common in vitro protocols successfully induce chondrogenic differentiation by expression of multiple cartilage-specific molecules. However, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) promotes chondrogenesis to terminal stages. Despite much attention being given to the influences of biochemical factors on chondrogenesis of MSCs, few studies have examined the chondrogenic effect of mechanical factors such as ultrasound as a feasible tool. Materials and Methods: In this study, we focused on inducing chondrogenesis in the early stages of differentiation by using low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS). Four groups of ASC pellets (control, ultrasound, TGFβ, and ultrasound/TGF) were cultured under chondrogenic (10 ng/ml of TGFβ3) and ultrasound conditions (200 mW/cm ² , 10 min/day). After 2 weeks, differentiation was evaluated by histology, quantitative gene expression analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Results: Our data demonstrated that ultrasound differentiated pellets showed increased expression of early chondrogenesis marker, Col2A, than those in TGFβ groups (P < 0.001), and Col2B and Col10 expression were more prominent in TGFβ groups. Immunostaining of sections showed Col2 fibrils around lacuna in LIUS and TGFβ treated groups. Conclusion: Using LIUS resulted in early chondrogenesis in comparison with terminally differentiated chondrocytes by TGFβ. Therefore, LIUS might provide an applicable, safe, efficient, and cheap tool for chondrogenic differentiation of ASCs in cartilage tissue engineering.

Background: Renal maldevelopment, interstitial fibrosis, ischemic atrophy, decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and renal blood flow (RBF) are inevitable consequences of chronic kidney obstruction that only partially improve after early intervention. There are only few studies that evaluated urine osmolality in affected kidney and its correlation with short-term outcome. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients (age<1 year) with unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UUPJO) were enrolled in this study. UUPJO was confirmed using Technetium 99 isotope scans and the patients were indicated to be operated afterward. Urine and blood samples were obtained before, 24, 48, and 72 h after the surgery. The serum level of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and glucose were measured. GFR, urine osmolality (measured and calculated), and urine specific gravity were determined too. Results: Cortical thickness of hydronephrotic kidney was significantly increased 6 months after the surgery. GFR was significantly increased 72-h postsurgery compared to before operation. Neither means of calculated nor of measured urine osmolalities were significantly different in various stages. The last calculated urine osmolality (72 h) had significant correlation with the last measured osmolality (72 h); r0=0.962, P=0.0001. The last GFR (72 h) had positive significant correlation with GFR before the surgery and GFRs at 24 and 48 h postsurgery. Using regression tests, only the before surgery GFR was the predictor of the last GFR(72 h). Conclusion: In UUPJO the measured and calculated urine osmolality of the affected kidney did not differ. In addition, GFR before surgery should be considered as the predictor of the GFR shortly after repair.

Background: Although zinc sulfate has been used to improve disorders originated from zinc deficiency, its low compliance is due to gastrointestinal complications; therefore, other zinc compounds have been suggested as replacers for zinc deficient people. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the absorption of ethyl and methyl zinc-maltol with that of zinc sulfate to substitute zinc sulfate with those complexes. Materials and Methods: After five weeks of being fed by zinc deficient food, zinc deficient rats were divided into four groups randomly receiving medicinal solutions of zinc sulfate, zinc ethyl maltol and zinc methyl maltol using feeding tube method for two weeks while the control was received distilled water. Serum zinc concentration and ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) and LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) activity of rats were determined before and after the study. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 11.5. The study was conducted from 2008 to 2010. Results: Serum zinc concentration and enzyme activity in all groups receiving drug solution increased. The most and least increase were in zinc sulfate and zinc methyl maltol groups, respectively. The difference between zinc methyl maltol and zinc sulfate group was significant (P < 0.05); however, this difference was not significant in the case of zinc ethyl maltol. Conclusion: Zinc ethyl maltol can be a suitable and preferable substitute for zinc sulfate.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the therapeutic efficacy of subcutaneous enoxaparin versus oral prednisone (as a standard treatment) in patients with disseminated lichen planus. Materials and Methods: In this parallel randomized clinical trial study, overall 48 patients completed the study. 25 patients were treated with subcutaneous enoxaparin 5 mg weekly and 23 patients with 0.5 mg/kg prednisone orally daily until complete remission or a maximum of 8 weeks. The results of itching severity, extent of active lesions and drug side effects were compared. In remission, patients were followed for 6 months for recurrent lesions. Results: In enoxaparin group, 8 patients (32%) had complete remission and 10 patients (40%) had partial improvement. In the oral prednisone group, 16 patients (69.6%) had complete remission and 6 patients (26.1%) had partial improvement (P = 0.005). Average size of active lesions in both groups decreased significantly after treatment, but analysis of covariance showed that the mean lesion size after treatment in the oral prednisone group was significantly lower than the enoxaparin group (P = 0.005). The relapse rate from improved patients in the enoxaparin group was 6 (33%) and in oral prednisone group was 9 (40.9%, P = 0.083). In the enoxaparin group no serious complications was seen. But 22% in the oral prednisone group show side effect, the most common complications were dyspepsia. Conclusion: Low dose enoxaparin on lichen Planus have therapeutic effect and is important for the least side effects but not as much as oral prednisone. But it could be accepted as an alternative treatment.

Background: Escherichia coli have an optimum pH range of 6-7 for growth and survival that's why, called neutrophiles. The ∆pH across the cytoplasmic membrane is linked to cellular bioenergetics and metabolism of the body which is the major supplier of the proton motive force, so homeostasis of cellular pH is essential. When challenged by low pH, protons enter the cytoplasm; as a result, mechanisms are required to alleviate the effects of lowered cytoplasmic pH. Materials and Methods: The activities of Succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in acid shocked cells of E. coli DH5 α and E. coli W3110 subjected to pH 3, 4, and 5 by two types of acidification, like external (using 0.1 N HCl), external along with the monensin (1 μM) and cytoplasmic acidification using the sodium benzoate as an acid permeant (20 mM) which is coupled to the electron transport chain by the reducing power, as yet another system possessed by E. coli as an armor against harsh acidic environments. Result: Results showed that an exposure to acidic environment (pH 3, 4 and 5) for a short period of time increased the activities of these dehydrogenases in all types of acidification except cytoplasmic acidification, which shows that higher recycling of reducing power results in pumping out of protons from the cytoplasm through the electron transport chain complexes, thereby restoring the cytoplasmic pH of the bacteria in the range of 7.4-7.8. Conclusion: Study indicates that acid shocked E. coli for a period of 2 h can survive for a sustained period.

Tracheal chondrosarcoma is a rare malignant mesenchymal tumor and there are less than 15 reports in the literature. We report a rare case of laryngotracheal chondrosarcoma in a 74-year-old man. He gave a history of radioiodine therapy for thyroid papillary carcinoma about 24 years ago. Diagnostic steps, histological presentation, and therapy are described in detail.

Background: Infertility is one of the main problems of patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma, as this causes specific effects in the social, family, and emotional life of patients. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a neoplastic disorder that comprises of 0.6% of all cancers and often occurs in middle-aged people, with a mean age of 26 years. It originates from neoplastic changes in the lymphoid cells, which lead to different complications in the body organs. One important complication of Hodgkin's lymphoma is humoral and cellular immune system dysfunction that can cause numerous and dangerous problems for patients. Another complication of Hodgkin's lymphoma is sterility, more specifically hypogonadism and azoospermia. Sterility may appear after treatment. Considering that most patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma have a good survival, diagnosing and treating this complication and preventing its incidence contributes to improving the quality of social life and emotional status of these patients. Materials and Methods: In this study, 238 patients whose Hodgkin's lymphoma was approved by Pathology were included in the study, before receiving any medical intervention, and they were examined for sterility (sperm status). Sterility of the male patients was confirmed using a spermogram test. The serum levels of the luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone (T) were checked. Results: Among the studied patients, 24 patients (10.08%) suffered from azoospermia, which was evident in its progressive stages. Conclusion: In such cases, treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma and improvement of the immune system could overcome azoospermia and sterility.

Background: Caffeine which exists in drinks such as coffee as well as in drug dosage forms in the global market is among the materials that increase alertness and decrease fatigue. Compared to other forms of caffeine, caffeine gum can create faster and more prominent effects. In this study, the main goal is to design a new formulation of caffeine gum with desirable taste and assess its physicochemical properties. Materials and Methods: Caffeine gum was prepared by softening of gum bases and then mixing with other formulation ingredients. To decrease the bitterness of caffeine, sugar, aspartame, liquid glucose, sorbitol, manitol, xylitol, and various flavors were used. Caffeine release from gum base was investigated by mechanical chewing set. Content uniformity test was also performed on the gums. The gums were evaluated in terms of organoleptic properties by the Latin-Square design at different stages. Results: After making 22 formulations of caffeine gums, F ₁₁ from 20 mg caffeine gums and F ₂₂ from 50 mg caffeine gums were chosen as the best formulation in organoleptic properties. Both types of gum released about 90% of their own drug content after 30 min. Drug content of 20 and 50 mg caffeine gum was about 18.2-21.3 mg and 45.7-53.6 mg respectively. Conclusion: In this study, 20 and 50 mg caffeine gums with suitable and desirable properties (i.e., good taste and satisfactory release) were formulated. The best flavor for caffeine gum was cinnamon. Both kinds of 20 and 50 mg gums succeeded in content uniformity test.

Background: Roughly 3 million children die every year of vaccine preventable diseases and a significant number of these children live in developing countries. The present study was conducted to assess the reasons for failure of immunization among 12-23-month-old children of Lucknow city in India. Materials and Methods: Out of all villages in rural areas and mohallas in urban areas of Lucknow district, eight villages and eight mohallas were selected by simple random sampling. A community based cross-sectional study was done among 450 children aged 12-23 months. The immunization status of the child was assessed by vaccination card and by mother's recall. A pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was used to elicit information on reasons for failure of immunization. Data was analysed using statistical package for social services (SPSS) version 11.5. Chi square test was used to find out the significant association. Results: Overall, 62.7% children were fully immunized, 24.4% children were partially immunized, and 12.9% children were not immunized. The major reasons for failure of immunization were postponing it until another time, child being ill and hence not brought to the centre for immunization, unaware of the need of immunization, place of immunization being too far, no faith in immunization, unaware of the need to return for 2 ^nd and 3 ^rd dose, mother being too busy, fear of side reactions, wrong ideas about immunization, and polio was considered only vaccine, and others. Conclusion: More awareness should be generated among the people living in rural and urban areas to immunize their children.

Background: This study was performed to compare the outcome and complications of axillobrachial and femorofemoral graft as upper and lower limb arteriovenous shunt prostheses. Materials and Methods: In a prospective cohort study, we observed and followed-up all cases with a new insertion of ePTFE between February 2006 and February 2009. Assessment of patency and the complication rates of their prostheses were the essential parts of this observation. Results: A total of 69 grafts were performed. Forty-nine of them were successfully followed-up (18 femorofemoral and 31 axillobrachial grafts). Immediate primary patency was 100%. For axillobrachial type, primary patency at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively, was 86%, 60%, and 47%. Secondary patency at 1, 3, and 6 months was 86%, 75%, and 50%, respectively. For femorofemoral type, primary patency at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively, was 88%, 40%, and 34%. Secondary patency at 1, 3, and 6 months was 94%, 47%, and 41%, respectively. (P > 0.05) Complications included a puncture-site hematoma, thrombosis, infection, venous hypertension, need of an excision and pseudoaneurysm formation. Pseudoaneurysm rate difference between the two groups was interestingly significant, while others were relatively similar; however, the rates were different. Conclusion: The significant difference of aneurysm rate among our two groups, besides the insignificant difference of other complications and also the similar primary and secondary patency rates, manifest a brilliant guidance chart for the surgeons in order to choose the most compatible site for inserting ePTFE grafts (Gore-tex) as arteriovenous shunt prostheses for HD accessing.

Background: Recently, the preemptive analgesic effects of subcutaneous infiltration of tramadol (T) in the site of incision have not been extensively studied. In this study, we investigated the effect of subcutaneous T infiltration before the incision of surgery on post-operative pain, in lower abdomen surgeries. Materials and Methods: This double-blind study was carried out on 90 patients (18-65 years) of American Society Anesthesiologists physical status I and II who were candidates for a lower abdomen surgery during 2011. They were randomly assigned to receive preemptive subcutaneous T or normal saline (NS). The visual analogue scale for pain (VAS) in rest and cough position and opium total dose consumption were compared between two groups in times 0, 15, 30, 60 min and 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 h after the surgery. Results: The VAS in cough and rest position in the first 24 h following the surgery was lower in group T ( P < 0.05). Opium consumption was lower in group T ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: Subcutaneous preemptive infiltration of T before surgical incision reduces post-operative opioid consumption.

Background: This study evaluated the effect of L-arginine (Nitric Oxide (NO) precursor) and L-NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) (NO synthase inhibitor) on myocardial capillary density in normal rats. Materials and Methods: Eighteen male rats were divided into three groups: Group 1: Received L-NAME (10 mg/kg/day; ip), Group 2: Received L-arginine (50 mg/kg/day; ip), and Group 3 (control) received normal saline. After 3 weeks, blood samples were taken and myocardial capillary density was evaluated using immunohistochemistry method. Results: Serum NO concentration in control group was 6.45 ± 0.44 μmol/lit. Treatment of animals with L-arginine increased serum NO concentration (7.90 ± 0.75 vs. 6.45 ± 0.44 μmol/lit, respectively) and L-NAME decreased (4.86 ± 0.40 vs. 6.45 ± 0.44 μmol/lit, respectively) compare to control group. L-arginine significantly increased serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration (353.01 ± 7.03 vs. 100.5 ± 6.61 pg/ml; P < 0.05), however, did not change myocardial capillary density. Conclusion: Although L-arginine alters some serum angiogenic factors, either L-arginine or L-NAME could not improve myocardial capillary density in normal rats.

Background: Studies have shown that Doxepin has anti-inflammatory effects and reduces oxidative stress. Due to the fact that other tricyclic antidepressants have been shown to have neuroprotective effects, this study aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of doxepin on passive avoidance learning in rats. Materials and Methods: Old male Wistar rats were used in this study. Doxepin was administered intraperitoneally (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg) for 21 days. Passive avoidance learning test was used for evaluation of learning and memory. Rats received foot electrical shock on fifteen day, and step through latencies were evaluated one week after the electrical shock in retention phase. Results: Administration of Doxepin considerably increased the step through latencies in the rats that received the doses of 1 and 5 mg/kg ( P < 0.05). However, in the dose of 10 mg/kg, there wasn't any significant change comparing to control group. Conclusion: These results indicate that Doxepin has desirable effects on cognitive functions in low doses. Therefore, Doxepin can be considered as memory enhancers that understanding the underling mechanisms need further investigation.

The world is naturally radioactive and approximately 82% of human-absorbed radiation doses, which are out of control, arise from natural sources such as cosmic, terrestrial, and exposure from inhalation or intake radiation sources. In recent years, several international studies have been carried out, which have reported different values regarding the effect of background radiation on human health. Gamma radiation emitted from natural sources (background radiation) is largely due to primordial radionuclides, mainly ²³² Th and ²³⁸ U series, and their decay products, as well as ⁴⁰ K, which exist at trace levels in the earth's crust. Their concentrations in soil, sands, and rocks depend on the local geology of each region in the world. Naturally occurring radioactive materials generally contain terrestrial-origin radionuclides, left over since the creation of the earth. In addition, the existence of some springs and quarries increases the dose rate of background radiation in some regions that are known as high level background radiation regions. The type of building materials used in houses can also affect the dose rate of background radiations. The present review article was carried out to consider all of the natural radiations, including cosmic, terrestrial, and food radiation.

Surgical treatment of brain tumors, especially those located in the eloquent areas such as anterior temporal, frontal lobes, language, memory areas, and near the motor cortex causes high risk of eloquent impairment. Awake craniotomy displays major rule for maximum resection of the tumor with minimum functional impairment of the Central Nervous System. These case reports discuss the use of awake craniotomy during the brain surgery in Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. A 56-year-old woman with left-sided body hypoesthesia since last 3 months and a 25-year-old with severe headache of 1 month duration were operated under craniotomy for brain tumors resection. An awake craniotomy was planned to allow maximum tumor intraoperative testing for resection and neurologic morbidity avoidance. The method of anesthesia should offer sufficient analgesia, hemodynamic stability, sedation, respiratory function, and also awake and cooperative patient for different neurological test. Airway management is the most important part of anesthesia during awake craniotomy. Tumor surgery with awake craniotomy is a safe technique that allows maximal resection of lesions in close relationship to eloquent cortex and has a low risk of neurological deficit.

Background : Nebivolol hydrochloride is a third generation β-blocker with highly selective β₁ -receptor antagonist with antihypertensive properties having plasma half life of 10 h and 12% oral bioavailability. The aim of the present investigation was to form matrix type transdermal patches containing Nebivolol hydrochloride to avoid its extensive hepatic first pass metabolism, lesser side effect and increase bioavailability of drug. Materials and Methods: Matrix type transdermal patches containing Nebivolol hydrochloride were prepared using EudragitRS100, HPMC K100M (2:8) polymers by solvent evaporation technique. Aluminum foil was used as a backing membrane. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 was used as plasticizer and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a penetration enhancer. Drug polymer interactions determined by FTIR and standard calibration curve of Nebivolol hydrochloride were determined by using UV estimation. Result : The systems were evaluated physicochemical parameters and drug present in the patches was determined by scanning electron microscopy. All prepared formulations indicated good physical stability. In vitro drug permeation studies of formulations were performed by using Franz diffusion cells using abdomen skin of Wistar albino rat. Result showed best in vitro skin permeation through rat skin as compared to all other formulations prepared with hydrophilic polymer containing permeation enhancer. Conclusions: It was observed that the formulation containing HPMC: EudragitRS100 (8:2) showed ideal higuchi release kinetics. On the basis of in vitro drug release through skin permeation performance, Formulation F1 was found to be better than other formulations and it was selected as the optimized formulation.

Background: To determine the prevalence of Isospora belli and its correlation with CD4+ cell counts in HIV-positive patients with diarrhea in this region. Materials and Methods: Stool samples from 250 HIV-positive patients, including 200 with diarrhea and 50 without diarrhea included in the study were examined for the presence of enteric parasites under microscopy. Prevalence of the enteric parasites with special reference to I. belli in HIV-positive patients with and without diarrhea were calculated and correlated with their CD4+ cell counts. Results: Enteric parasites were detected in 39% of the HIV patients with diarrhea compared to 30% without diarrhea. I. belli was detected in 22% of the patients with diarrhea and in 4% without diarrhea (P = 0.0019). I. belli was the most common parasite, followed by Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (8%) and Cryptosporidium parvum (5%) in HIV-positive patients with diarrhea. In HIV-positive patients without diarrhea, the most common parasite detected was E. histolytica/dispar (12%) followed by C. parvum (6%) and I. belli (4%). The mean CD4 cell count of HIV-positive patients with diarrhea suffering from isosporiasis was 138.35 ± 70.71. In patients with CD4 cell counts <200/μl, I. belli was seen in 36/123 stool samples and 2/27 stool samples which was statistically significant (P = 0.0157). Conclusion: I. belli was the predominant parasite with a prevalence of 22% among HIV-positive patients with diarrhea, majority having CD4 cell count <200/μl. This study highlights the importance of routine screening for coccidian parasites in HIV-positive patients with and without diarrhea especially in those with low CD4 cell counts.

Background: The injection of remifentanil can cause cough during induction of anesthesia. This study was designed to examine the efficacy of ketamine, dexamethasone, and their combination on remifentanil-induced cough (RIC). Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty patients scheduled for elective surgery were randomly assigned into four groups: Group K received 10 mg ketamine; Group D received 10 mg dexamethasone; Group KD received 10 mg ketamine in combination with dexamethasone; and Group S received saline in a similar volume, five minutes prior to the injection of remifentanil. The incidence and severity of the cough was recorded in each person. Results: The incidence of RIC was significantly lower in Group KD compared to Group K, Group D, and Group S (3.3 vs. 20%, 20%, and 46.7%, respectively, P < 0.05).The severity of RIC was significantly lower in Group KD compared to Group K, Group D, and Group S (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between Group K and Group D in this regard (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the onset time of coughing among the four groups (19.8 ± 1.3, 20.8 ± 0.9, 19.0 ± 1.1, and 19.9 ± 2.2 in Group K, Group D, Group KD, and Group S, respectively, P > 0.05). Conclusion: We found that pretreatment with 10 mg ketamine in combination with 10 mg dexamethasone five minutes prior to the injection of remifentanil could significantly reduce the incidence of RIC, and it was better than using each drug singly.

Background: Multi-marker approaches for risk prediction in coronary artery disease (CAD) have been inconsistent due to biased selection of specific know biomarkers. We have assessed the global proteome of CAD-affected and unaffected subjects, and developed a pathway network model for elucidating the mechanism and risk prediction for CAD. Materials and Methods: A total of 252 samples (112 CAD-affected without family history and 140 true controls) were analyzed by Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) by using CM10 cationic chips and bioinformatics tools. Results: Out of 36 significant peaks in SELDI-TOF MS, nine peaks could do better discrimination of CAD subjects and controls (area under the curve (AUC) of 0.963) based on the Support Vector Machine (SVM) feature selection method. Of the nine peaks used in the model for discrimination of CAD-affected and unaffected, the m/z corresponding to 22,859 was identified as stress-related protein HSP27 and was shown to be highly associated with CAD (odds ratio of 3.47). The 36 biomarker peaks were identified and a network profile was constructed showing the functional association between different pathways in CAD. Conclusion: Based on our data, proteome profiling with SELDI-TOF MS and SVM feature selection methods can be used for novel network biomarker discovery and risk stratification in CAD. The functional associations of the identified novel biomarkers suggest that they play an important role in the development of disease.

Background: Testosterone causes Alopecia that is related to functional testosterone and end organ sensitivity to testosterone. Studies conducted on the relationship of schizophrenia and testosterone have reported different findings. This study was designed to measure the extent of Alopecia in schizophrenic patients which is one of the most important signs of sensitivity to Androgens. Materials and Methods : In a cross-sectional study, 98 schizophrenic patients and 95 person of normal population encountered to study in two groups considering inclusion criteria and completing a consent form, in the psychiatric ward of Noor Hospital in Isfahan, Iran. Meanwhile, the record of necessary demographic information a blood sample was taken from every selected person to measure the blood level of testosterone. The severity of Alopecia was measured using Hamilton and Norwood criterion in a blindness condition. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS 19 software and statistical tests of χ² and logistic Regression. Results: The mean blood level of testosterone in both studied and control groups were 458.80 ± 103 and 476.34 ± 108, respectively, having no significant difference ( P > 0.05). There was no significant relationship in both groups between Alopecia severity and the blood level of testosterone. And in comparison of two groups, providing Androgenic Alopecia with a degree higher than three in Hamilton Scale, schizophrenia risk decreases 8.627 times. Conclusion: Sensitivity to Androgens and Alopecia probably plays a protective role against schizophrenia, and if Alopecia rate exceeds the rate of grade 2 Hamilton, the risk of schizophrenia decreases 8.62 times.

Background: One of the most common causes of vaginitis is candidiasis. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of honey and miconazole against Candida albicans, in vitro. Materials and Methods: The different W/V concentrations of honey were prepared at 20, 40, 60, 80, and 95% and different dilutions of miconazole were prepared in 0.05, 5, and 50 μg/ml. A microdilution of 100/000 cells per ml of a two-day old culture of Candida albicans was prepared in normal saline, after culturing the strain of PTCC 5027 in RPMI 1640 medium. Ten microliters of this dilution was added to 1 ml of the RPMI 1640 medium containing different concentrations of honey and to 1 ml of the RPMI 1640 medium containing different dilutions of miconazole. The cultures were incubated at 35°C for 12, 24, and 48 hours. Results: The growth rate of Candida albicans was determined in the cultures. The results indicated that the honey prevented the growth of C. albicans greatly only at an 80% concentration, whereas, miconazole inhibited it completely. Conclusions: As Candida albicans is a normal vaginal flora, the inhibitory effect of honey without the fungicide effect is a very good trend in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.

Background: The median nerve N20 component constitutes the initial response of the primary somatosensory cortex to somatosensory stimulation of the upper extremity. Knowledge of the underlying generators is important for basic understanding of the initial sequence of cortical activation. Materials and Methods: In the present study, normative data of cortical evoked potentials in particular of N20 wave onset and peak latencies by median nerve stimulation in a group of 100 medical students aged between 18 and 30 years were documented and the effect of physiological variables were studied. Descriptive statistics and Student t-test were used to analyze the healthy subjects and to compare N20 latencies for handedness, respectively. Regression analysis was used to show association between average N20 latencies and physiological variables from which regression formulae were calculated to predict normative values of these parameters. Results: The results of the study indicated that N20 onset and peak latency values are significantly affected by limb length at 95% confidence level. Height is showing as a significant factor affecting N20 onset latencies but it is probably because of high correlation of height with limb length. Age though on linear regression showed some significant correlation with N20 onset and peak latency, multiple regressions showed that it does not affect N20 onset and peak latencies in the presence of other variables. Handedness did not affect both N20 onset and peak latency values. Conclusion: Physiological variables do affect the N20 latencies and these should be standardized before usage for research in basic sciences at all age groups.

Background: Lithium has a significant impact in reducing the symptoms of bipolar mania but in long periods of use with therapeutic doses can cause several disorders in various organs including the reproductive system. In this study, the effect of lithium on the sperm concentration and motility and forms of abnormal cells has been examined. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats under the 48-day treatment with lithium carbonate at doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg bw/day were kept in standard conditions. At the end of this period, sperm cells isolated from the cauda epididymis were counted, motility was estimated, and stained with smear papanicolaou stain. Results: In lithium-treated groups, the rate of spermatogenesis and sperm quality were reduced and was seen in a dose-dependent manner. Discussion: Lithium alters intracellular signaling pathways such as inositol phosphate metabolic cycle and cyclic adenosine mono phosphate (cAMP) system and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. It also interferes in the division of sex cells to produce mature sperm and showed changes in the sperm cell membrane, function, and structure.

Background : There are controversial reports about the antiangiogenic effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). In the current study, we compared the effects of PPARα agonist and antagonist on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) angiogenesis with matrigel assay. Materials and Methods : HUVECs (1 × 10 ⁵ cells/well) treated with PPARα agonist (fenofibrate) and antagonist (GW6471) were cultured on matrigel for 24 h. Treated cells were stained with calcein and investigated by fluorescent microscopy. The obtained images were also analyzed by AngioQuant software. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS 15 software, Kruskal-Wallis and one way ANOVA. Results: Statistical analysis showed that fenofibrate significantly inhibit the tube formation (size, length, junction) (P < 0.05) but there was a trend to increased angiogenesis in GW6471 treated group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: These results showed that PPARα agonist is effective in suppression of angiogenesis. Further studies are needed to confirm these results in in vivo studies.

Background : Due to the controversy over efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic depression, recently, there has been an increasingly tendency toward therapeutic methods based on the cultural and spiritual approaches. The aim of this research was to compare efficacy of spiritual integrated psychotherapy (SIPT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on the intensity of depression symptoms and dysfunctional attitudes of patients with dysthymic disorder. Materials and Methods: This study had a mixed qualitative and quantitative design. In the first phase, SIPT model was prepared and, in the second phase, a double-blind random clinical trial was performed. Sixty-two patients with dysthymic disorder were selected from several centers include Nour and Alzahra Medical Center, Counseling Centers of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Goldis in Isfahan. The participants were randomly assigned to three experimental groups and one control group. The first group received 8 sessions treatment of SIPT, second groups also had 8 sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy, which was specific to dysthymic disorder and third group were under antidepressant treatment. Beck depression inventory and dysfunctional attitudes scale were used to evaluate all the participants in four measurement stages. The data were analyzed using MANCOVA repeated measure method. Results : The results revealed that SIPT had more efficacy than medication based on both scales ( P < 0.01); however, it was not different from CBT. SIPT was more effective on the modification of dysfunctional attitudes compared with CBT and medication ( P < 0.05). Conclusion : These findings supported the efficacy of psychotherapy enriched with cultural capacities and religious teachings.

Background: Ondansetron has analgesic properties. The aim of the present study was to assess the analgesic effect of 8 mg ondansetron when added to lidocaine for intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA). Materials and Methods: Ninety patients undergoing hand surgery were randomly allocated to the three groups to receive 3 mg/kg 2% lidocaine diluted with saline to a total dose of 40 mL (Group L, n = 30) or 8 mg ondansetron plus 3 mg/kg 2% lidocaine diluted with saline to a total dose of 40 mL (group LO, n = 30) or 3 mg/kg 2% lidocaine diluted with saline to a total dose of 40 mL plus 8 mg ondansetron intravenously (Group IO, n = 30). Tourniquet pain and analgesic use were recorded before and after the tourniquet application. Results: The sensory and motor block onset times were significantly shorter in Group LO compared with Group L and Group IO (4.2 ± 1.7 vs. 5.2 ± 0.8 and 5.1 ± 1.2 respectively, P < 0.05; 4.5 ± 1.4 vs. 5.8 ± 1.5 and 5.7 ± 1.4 respectively, P < 0.05). The sensory and motor block recovery times were significantly longer in Group LO compared with Group L and Group IO (6.1 ± 1.1 vs. 4.1 ± 1.3 and 4.5 ± 0.9 respectively, P < 0.05; 6.7 ± 1.4 vs. 4.4 ± 0.9 and 4.7 ± 0.7 respectively, P < 0.05). Post-operative VAS scores were significantly less in Group LO compared with Group L and Group IO till 24 h after tourniquet deflation ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: The addition of 8 mg ondansetron to lidocaine for IVRA reduced intraoperative and post-operative analgesic use till 24 h.

Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common type of leukemia. In this study, outcome of intensive chemotherapy in patients treated in a large urban public university hospital in a developing country was investigated. Materials and Methods: The records of all patients treated for AML with 3 + 7 protocol from 2002 to 2010 were analyzed. Results: Among 95 patients, 34 (35.8%) were female and 61 (64.2%) were male patients. Patients' median age was 37 years, ranging 15-68 years. Complete remission (CR) was observed in 56 (58.9%) of patients treated with this protocol. Median overall survival was 13 months (95% CI: 8.8-17.1 months). The 1-year AML survival rate was 51%, and 2-year survival rate was 26%. Conclusion: Our study shows that in our center in Iran, CR rates and median overall survival rates after induction chemotherapy are less than developed countries.

Antimicrobial peptides are cationic molecules, which participate in multiple aspects of the immune response including the control of inflammatory diseases, characteristic that make these molecules attractive as therapeutic tools. These peptides are produced in bacteria, insects, plants and vertebrates, and are classified together due to their capacity to directly inhibit the growth of microorganisms, and to regulate the immune response by inducing the secretion of chemokines and cytokines. Various families of antimicrobial peptides have been identified including the cathelicidins and defensins, the most investigated human antimicrobial peptides. This review will cover the main biological functions of antimicrobial and cell-penetrating peptides in inflammation, and describe the importance and utility of antimicrobial peptides as therapeutics for inflammatory diseases.

Primary splenic cyst is a relatively rare entity; they comprise only about 10% of benign non-parasitic cysts. Most of these are asymptomatic and are observed incidentally during abdominal ultrasonography. The number of diagnosed splenic cyst cases seems to have risen because of the increasing use of abdominal imaging techniques. However, definite diagnosis is possible only after splenectomy when epithelial lining is confirmed histologically. We report a case of a 14-year-old child who presented with fullness of abdomen and pain in the left hypochondrium since last few months. First impression made was in favor of a splenic lymphangioma of size 8 × 8 cm which was based on a Computerized tomography scan and the sonographic findings. Splenectomy was performed and was sent for histopathological examination which in combination with immunohistochemistry revealed findings suggestive of primary epithelial cyst. A large cystic mass with a relatively thin wall localized in the spleen is likely to be a primary or secondary cyst. The diagnosis of false cyst should be favored if there is a clear history of trauma, if the patient is older than fourth decade, if there is a hematoma elsewhere in spleen, or if cyst wall is calcified. This rare entity should be considered in the differential diagnosis in a patient presenting with left hypochondrial pain.

Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of various perinatal factors on cord blood TSH among newborns in Isfahan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive-analytic cross sectional study which performed in Isfahan Iran. During a period of four months, since February to May 2012 a total number of 440 newborns delivered in Alzahra and Shahid beheshti hospitals were enrolled in the study. For all newborns one mL blood sample from umbilical vein was obtained by one of the project investigators and sent to laboratory for further examinations. Cord blood TSH and birth body weight (BBW), gestational age, history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), apgar at one minute, apgar at five minute, newborn gender and the mother's age were documented. Differences considered statistically significant if P < 0.01. Results: 440 newborns enrolled in the study, 221 (50.2%) were male and 219 (49.8%) were female. Among study parameters, method of delivery had statistically significant relation with cord blood TSH (P < 0.001), and other factors such as BBW, gestational age, GDM, apgar at one minute, apgar at five minute, newborn gender and the mother's age didn't have statistically significant relationship with cord TSH level. Conclusion: In conclusion we deduce that the only factor that can affect cord blood TSH was method of delivery. Infant with vaginal delivery has higher TSH level in cord blood. Other factors that were evaluated in this study didn't have any statistically significant relationship.

Background: Trichomonas vaginalis is considered one of the main causes of vulvovaginitis in women. Metronidazole with vast side effects is now the drug of choice for treatment of this infection. In an attempt to find an alternative drug, the effect of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on this parasite was shown in previous studies. In this investigation, the effect of different extracts of this plant on T. vaginalis in culture medium has been investigated. Materials and Methods: Five different extracts including total extract, diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water fractions were prepared. The extracts were dried using vacuum rotary evaporator and then they were used for in vitro anti-trichomonas experiments. Results: Crude extract of E. camaldulensis showed 80% growth inhibition (GI) in a concentration of 12.5 mg/ml during 24 h. Diethyl ether extract in a concentration of 25 mg/ml showed 100% GI during 24 h. With ethyl acetate extract, 100% GI was detected with the minimum concentration of 12.5 mg/ml in the first 24 h. Finally, water extract in a concentration of 50 mg/ml showed 80% and 100% GI after 48 and 72 h, respectively. Conclusion: Ethyl acetate fraction is the extract which showed the highest percentage of GI (100%) with the least concentration (12.5 mg/ml) after 24 and 48 h.

Background: There are concerns on the efficacy and safety of endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation (EPBD) as an alternative to endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) in the treatment of choledocholithiasis. We compared the efficacy and safety of EPBD and EST for removing large common bile duct (CBD) stones. Materials and Methods: One hundred sixty patients with CBD stones of 10-20 mm were randomized to undergo EPBD or EST. A 15-mm dilatation balloon was used for EPBD. Cotton's criteria were used to determine the incidence of post-EPBD or post-EST complications. CBD stone removal and complications were compared between the two methods. Results: CBD stones were completely removed in 97.5% of the EPBD and 96.2% of the EST group ( P = 0.5). The incidence of postoperative pancreatitis (11.2% vs 8.7%) and bleeding (1.2% vs 1.2%) were similar between the EPBD and EST groups ( P > 0.05). Perforation did not occur in any patient. Conclusions: EPBD with 15-mm dilator balloon appears to be equally safe and effective compared with EST for removal of large CBD stones. So because of low complication and high success rate we recommend EPBD as the preferred method for removal of large (10-20 mm) CBD stones.

Background: Despite different treatments, cerebral vasospasm is still the most important cause of death in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage. This study was conducted to explore the effect of intracisternal washing with papaverine on cerebral blood flow. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 40 patients and totally 120 arteries in 2010. Then, variations in cerebral blood flow before and after washing with papaverine were measured and analyzed. Results: Twenty (20) patients with aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery (ACOM) and 20 patients with aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were assessed. Mean blood flow before aneurysm and before washing in ACOM and MCA was 70.68 ± 14.8 cm/s and 65.66 ± 9.3 cm/s, respectively, which reached 23.25 ± 5.17 cm/s and 34.1 ± 4.7 cm/s, respectively after washing (P value = 0.016 and 0.024). Mean blood flow after aneurysm and before washing in ACOM and MCA was 95.12 ± 13.9 cm/s and 67.44 ± 15.16 cm/s, respectively, which reached 35.69 ± 6.2 cm/s and 38.01 ± 8.28 cm/s, respectively after washing (P value = 0.001 and 0.01). Conclusion: Washing with papaverine significantly reduces cerebral blood flow and relieves vasospasm.

Background: Selenium is a trace mineral which has the role of multiple biologic functions. In free-living animals and humans, selenium is mostly in the form of two selenium-containing amino acids as selenocysteine and selenomethionine. The present study aimed to obtain more data on the relationship between serum selenium in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Materials and Methods: Serum selenium levels were measured in 51 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) as patients group and in 40 non-hospitalized healthy individuals as control group. Results: Selenium was recognized by atomic absorption spectrometer. Decreased mean serum selenium concentrations were observed in the group with chronic lymphocytic leukemia as compared to normal ones ( P = 0.005). Serum selenium concentrations were examined in stages 0 and I. They observed a significant difference between the mean serum concentrations of selenium in stage 0, I and II and that of stage IV and V patients with CLL ( P = 0.01). The groups were compared and significant differences were observed i.e., low serum selenium levels in the stage III and IV CLL ( P = 0.001). The second selenium test was designed in 21 out of 48 patients within 10 weeks from the beginning of chemotherapy. Serum selenium concentration was tested again in 21 patients, and significant differences have been observed between the time before the treatment and after it ( P = 0.02). Conclusions: Our results show that in patients with CLL the mean serum selenium levels are lower than that of normal.

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related psychosomatic disorder caused by occurrence of a traumatic event and the hippocampus volume of the patients with Post-traumatic stress disorder decreased. However, the mechanisms that cause such damage are not well-understood. The aim of this study is to detect the expression of apoptosis-related Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and Insulin-like growth Factor-I proteins in the hippocampus region in the Predatory stress rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 70 male wistar rats were divided into Predatory stress groups of 1d, 2d, 3d, 7d, 14d, 30d and a normal control group (N = 10). Rats were subjected to 5 min of predatory stress and then exposed to the elevated plus-maze (EPM). Serum corticosterone and Insulin-like growth factor-1 level of Hippocampus were measured by ELISA technique. The expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 were detected by western blotting. Results: Rats spent significantly more time in closed arms of the elevated plus maze (EPM) than control group after exposure to stress. Serum levels of corticosterone significantly increased at 2d-3d. The expression of hippocampal IGF-1 was significantly up-regulated at 1d-2d after stress. Both Bax and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 significantly peaked at Predatory stress 2d-14d. Caspase3 was significantly active among 2d-30 compared to the normal control. Conclusion: The activation of caspase-3 in the stress groups indicates that apoptosis may be one of the reasons inducing hippocampus atrophy and play roles in the pathogenesis of PTSD. Increase in hippocampus levels of IGF-1 during early PTSD might be involved in the early molecular inhibitory mechanism of apoptosis in PTSD.

Background: Axonal polyneuropathy (APN) is a common kind of neurologic disorders, which is normally diagnosed by electrodiagnostic methods. Different muscles were studied to find a muscle, which can be considered as a reliable site for early diagnosis of mild APN; this muscle should be easily activated by patient, has the highest sensitivity to EMG changes of APN, and has the lowest rate of false positive results in normal subjects. Materials and Methods: Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 32 patients were recruited, and all of them underwent needle EMG of 3 different muscles including Peroneus tertius (PT), tibialis posterior (TP), and dorsal interoseous pedis (DIP). EMG Findings of different muscles [Motor Unite Action Potential (MUAP) duration, MUAP amplitude, polyphasic MUAP, fibrillation potential (FP), and the ability of subjects to contract special muscle] were recorded and compared. Results: Mean of MUAP amplitude was significantly different between all 3 muscles (P-values < 0.001). PT showed a significantly higher frequency of polyphasic MUAP than others (P-value: 0.001). The frequency of FP was significantly lower in TP than PT and DIP (P-values: 0.03 and 0.001, respectively). DIP showed significantly shorter MUAP duration than PT and TP (P-values 0.002 and 0.003, respectively). All cases were able to activate TP and PT voluntarily though only 20 patients could activate DIP (P-value < 0.0001). Conclusion: The higher frequency of polyphasic MUAP, the higher frequency of FP, and finally, the ability of all patients in activation of PT voluntarily, all support the usefulness of PT for EMG studies in APN patients.

Clear cell hidradenoma or nodulocystic hidradenoma or acrospiroma are histologically distinct relatively rare tumors of sweat gland duct origin, found mainly in adults with a female preponderance. We report a case of eccrine hidradenoma in a 31-year-old man who presented with an asymptomatic, solitary nodule on occipital region. A few reports are available in literature regarding presence of this tumor on occipital region of young man and present case is being reported because of its rarity in this region of scalp and in this sex.

Gallbladder cancer is found in about 1-2% of patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and it is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy may disseminate gallbladder cancer to peritoneum and even port sites. Here, we present a case of a 59-year-old female patient operated for gallstone disease and her histopathology was suggestive of well-diffentiated gallbladder carcinoma (T1N0M0). Patient presented to us with port site and distant peritoneal metastases after 3 months.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and celiac disease (CD) are considered to be T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. We discuss about a known case of CD-showed relapsing - remitting neurological symptoms compatible with MS. In this rare co-occurrence subject, MS-CD patient, the interaction between MS - and CD-related inflammatory processes is open to discussion.

Background: Drug-resistant strain of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-I) has increased the interest in the use of natural substances. Aims: This study was aimed to determine minimum inhibitory concentration of hydroalchoholic extract of a traditionally used herbal plant, Quercus persica L., on HSV-1 replication on baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Setting: The study was conducted in Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Design: This was an experimental study. Materials and Methods: BHK cells were grown in monolayer culture with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum and plated onto 48-well culture plates. Fifty percent cytotoxic concentration (CC50%) of Q. persica L. on BHK cells was determined. Subsequently, 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50%) of the extract on replication of HSV-1 both in interacellular and exteracellular cases was assessed. Statistical Analysis: Statistic Probit model was used for statistical analysis. The dose-dependent effect of antiviral activity of the extracts was determined by linear regression. Results: Q. persica L. had no cytotoxic effect on this cell line. There was significant relationship between the concentration of the extract and cell death (P<0.01). IC50s of Q. persica L. on HSV-1, before and after attachment to BHK cells were 1.02 and 0.257 μg/mL, respectively. There was significant relationship between the concentration of this extract and inhibition of cytopathic effect (CPE) (P<0.05). Antioxidant capacity of the extract was 67.5%. Conclusions: The hydroalchoholic extract of Q. persica L. is potentially an appropriate and promising anti herpetic herbal medicine.

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited condition, characterized by the presence of hamartomatous gastrointestinal polyps and mucocutaneous pigmentation. Patients with this syndrome can be associated with other neoplasms such as ovarian neoplasms known as sex-cord tumor with annular tubules that are associated in one third of the cases with this syndrome and other types of malignancies. We report a 42-year-old woman with a history of Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome and bilateral breast cancer that presented with abnormal uterine bleeding. Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpino-oophorectomy was done and an ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules was incidentally diagnosed. By reviewing literatures and in agreement with previous studies we suggest routine screening for malignancies in patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.

Thalassemia is a hematologic disorder that causes ineffective hematopoiesis and is related to severe anemia, iron overload, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and hepatomegaly. Hepatomegaly is related to significant extramedullary hematopoiesis. The other sites that are involved in extramedullary hematopoiesis are spleen, lymph nodes, paraspinal regions, kidney, pleura, and intestine, but intracranial involvement is a rare presentation. We discuss about a case with intracranial medullary hematopoiesis in a thalassemic patient.

Background: Although Wilms' tumor gene (WT1) was initially known as a tumor marker in Wilms' tumor, nowadays its role is well known in other sorts of malignancy. This study aimed to evaluate WT1 protein expression levels and its association with cellular proliferation in astrocytic brain tumors by immunohistochemical methods. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study performed on 73 randomly selected archived tissue samples of astrocytic brain tumors. Sections were observed after immunohistochemical staining regarding WT1 protein expression and MIB-1 staining index. Tumors were classified based on World Health Organization grading system. Results: WT1 protein expression was seen in the majority of samples (97.3%) with significantly higher index in high-grade tumors (P<0.001). MIB-1 staining index was also significantly higher in high-grade tumors (P<0.001). Moreover, a significantly positive correlation was found between WT1 protein expression and MIB-1 staining index (r: 0.64, P<0.001). Conclusion: Astrocytic brain tumors express WT1 protein. It was also found that high-grade tumors are accompanied with higher WT1 protein expression, which is correlated with MIB-1 staining index. WT1 can be used as a marker of malignant cell proliferation and diagnostic tool to differentiate normal astrocytes from neoplastic cells.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) and Cockraft-Gault (C-G) formulas for estimating GFR in a sample of Iranian adult. Materials and Methods: This study was an analytic cross-sectional study on 54 patients with chronic kidney disease. Glomerular filtration rate was measured by kidney scan via TC99m-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, and it was estimated by MDRD and Cockraft-Gault formulas. Results: The mean of measured GFR and estimated GFR by MDRD and C-G formulas was 61.64 ± 34.26 ml/min, 51.80 ± 25.47, and 54.29 ± 24 ml/min respectively (P-value < 0.001, r = 0.818 and P-value < 0.001, r = 0.847, respectively). Pearson correlation test showed direct linear relationship between sGFR and GFR as estimated by the Cockraft-Gault and MDRD formulas. Conclusion: Based on our results, modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) and Cockraf-Gault (C-G) formulas are accurate formulas in Iranian adults but they need a correction factor.

Background: CD4+(TH1, and TH2) cell groups in the point of view of chemokine receptor expression were considered in blood of stomach cancer patients. Materials and Methods: The percentage of blood CD4+ T cells expressing chemokine receptors (before and after gastrectomy) was determined by flow cytometry (Becton Dickinson, USA) using the following chemokine receptor antibodies: anti-CCR5, anti-CXCR3, anti-CCR3 and anti-CCR4. Results: The means of CD4 ⁺ CCR5 ⁺ expressing cells was 1.23% ± 0.90, 0.83% ± 0.34 and 1.34% ± 0.74 in control, pre- and post-operation groups, respectively. CD4 ⁺ CXCR3 ⁺ expressing cells were 19.09% ± 8.4, 16.95% ± 5.71 and 25.08% ± 9.31, respectively. Similar pattern was seen for CD4 ⁺ CCR3 ⁺ and CD4 ⁺ CCR4 ⁺ expressing cells. Pearson correlation analysis shows no relationship between CCR3 and CCR4 expressions on TCD4 cells (r = 0.211, P = 0.126). The complex expression TH1 (CD4 ⁺ CXCR3 ⁺ CCR5 ⁺ ) receptors determined 1.14% ± 0.54 for control group, 0.86% ± 0.49 for pre-T and 1.57% ± 0.67 for post-T group. Moreover, the TH2 (CD4 ⁺ CCR3 ⁺ CCR4 ⁺ ) expression was 1.60% ± 1.05 for control group, 1.57% ± 0.83 for pre-T and 1.27% ± 0.66 for post-treatment group. Pearson correlation analysis shows that only the CCR3 and CCR5 expression was statistically correlated (r = 0.321, P = 0.018). Conclusion: Due to low expression of CCR5 in TH1 and CCR3 in TH2 cells, it seems that utility of these is extremely limited for clinical evaluation, but not scientific purpose. Moreover, considering the CXCR3 for TH1 cells and CCR4 expression for TH2 cells, due to considerable expression, may be practical.

Background: This study was performed to determine the demographic and outcome of penetrating abdominal trauma in patients attending to emergency medicine department. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study in Imam Hossein Medical Center. Seventy five patients who came to our department with penetrating abdominal trauma during a 1 year period were enroled into this study and their demographic data and outcome (during the hospitalization) were recorded. The study was at Imam Hossein Medical Center, Tehran, Iran, from 2009 to 2010. Results: Our findings indicate these notable results: 84% of patients were less than 40 years old, most patients attended emergency department during the spring and summer, 72 patients (96%) arrived between 7 pm and 7 am, 74 patients (98.7%) had stab wound and one person (1.3%) was shot, eventually 46 patients (61%) had laparatomy performed and 2 patients (2.7%) died. 59 patients out of 75 study cases appealed to police department and legal medicine council. Conclusions: The incidence of abdominal penetrating trauma due to stab wound is much higher than gunshot in our community, which indicates the importance of educating the emergency staff and preparing the emergency department work place to attend to these patients, especially during the night hours.

Tuberculous dactylitis is a distinctly uncommon, yet well recognized form of tuberculosis involving the small bones of the hand or foot. It occurs in young children in endemic areas under 5 years of age. Tuberculosis of the short tubular bones like phalanges, metacarpals or metatarsals is quite uncommon beyond 6 years of age, once the epiphyseal centers are well established. The radiographic features of cystic expansion have led to the name " Spina Ventosa" for tuberculous dactylitis of the short bones. Scrofuloderma is a mycobacterial infection affecting children and young adults, representing direct extension of tuberculosis into the skin from underlying structures e.g. lymph nodes. An 8-year-old malnourished girl had multiple axillary ulcers with lymphadenopathy. Tuberculous dactylitis with ipsilateral axillary scrofuloderma was suspected on clinical and radiological grounds. The suspicion was confirmed by histology and bacteriology. The patient responded to antitubercular drugs with progressive healing of the lesions without surgery. Concomitant presence of these dual lesions suggesting active disseminated tuberculosis in immune-competent child over 6 years is very rare and hardly reported.

Colloid milium is a rare cutaneous condition with at least three distinct subtypes, characterized clinically by the development of yellowish translucent papules or plaques on sun-exposed skin, and histologically by the presence of colloid in the dermal papillae. In this case report, we present a man with multiple small papules on dorsum of his hands that in pathology confirmed to be colloid milium. Colloid milium is more commonly observed in fair-skin patients and remain unchanged; however our patient had dark skin type (Fitzpatrick skin type III) and lesions were increasing in summer and decreasing in winter.

The classic presentation of malaria with paroxysms of fever is seen only in 50-70% of the patients. The development of immunity, the increasing resistance to anti-malarial drugs, and the indiscriminate use of anti-malarial drugs have led to malaria with the presentation of unusual features. Cerebellar ataxia, extrapyramidal rigidity and various psychiatric symptoms have been described either as early manifestations of cerebral malaria or as a part of post malaria neurological syndrome. In this case report, we will discuss one such patient of falciparum malaria infection who developed midline cerebellar signs, and responded to anti-malarial treatment.

Background: Up to date different methods have been used in order to dimensions reduction, classification, clustering and prediction of cancers based on gene expression profiling. The aim of this study is extracting most significant genes and classifying of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) patients on the basis of their gene expression profiles. Materials and Methods: We studied 40 DLBCL patients and 4026 genes. We utilized Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for classification of patients in two groups: Germinal center and Activated like. As we were faced with low number of patients (40) and numerous genes (4026), we tried to deploy one optimum network and achieve to minimum error. Moreover we used signal to noise (S/N) ratio as a main tool for dimension reduction. We tried to select suitable training data and so to train just one network instead of 26 networks. Finally, we extracted two most significant genes. Result: In this study two most significant genes based on their S/N ratios were selected. After selection of suitable training samples, the training and testing error were 0 and 7% respectively. Conclusion: We have shown that the use of two most significant genes based on their S/N ratios and selection of suitable training samples can lead to classify DLBCL patients with a rather good result. Actually with the aid of mentioned methods we could compensate lack of enough number of patients, improve accuracy of classifying and reduce complication of computations and so running time.

Background: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is an acute leukemia diagnosed by translocation of chromosomes 15 and 17 [T (15,17)] and aggregation of neoplastic promyelocytes which are incapable of being converted into mature cells. Today, many tend to use medicinal herbs in studies and clinical applications for treatment of cancers. Cinnamon with scientific name "cinnamomumzelanicum" is a shrub of Laurales order, lauraceae family with cinnamomum genus. It is a medicinal shrub with anti-proliferation effect on tumor cells. This study was conducted to determine the effects of aqueous cinnamon extract on HL-60 cells as a model for APL. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, HL-60 cell line was cultured under the influence of cinnamon extract's concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 2 mg/ml in with intervals of 24, 48, and 72 h. Growth inhibition and toxic effects of cinnamon extract were evaluated through tetrazolium salt reduction. The effect of this herb on the cell cycle was studied by flow cytometry. The Hoechst stain was used to detect apoptotic cell nuclei. Results: Cinnamon extract inhibited the growth of HL-60 cells as correlated with concentration and time. After 72 h of treating HL-60 cells with 0.01 mg/l cinnamon extract, the growth of cells was inhibited by 90.1%. Cinnamon extract stopped the cell cycle in G1 phase and the Hoechst staining verified the apoptotic process in those cells. Conclusion: Considering the inhibitory property of cinnamon extract, we recommend it as a single drug or besides other medications for treating promyelocytic leukemia.

Background: P300 is a member of the mammalian histone acetyl transferase (HAT) family, an enzyme that acetylates histones and several non-histone proteins including P53 (the most important tumor suppressor gene) during stress, which plays an important role in the apoptosis of tumor cells. Hereby, this study describes the potency of CTB (Cholera Toxin B subunit) as a P300 activator to induce apoptosis in a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and a lung fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) as a non-tumorigenic control sample. Materials and Methods: MCF-7 and MRC-5 were cultured in RPMI-1640 and treated with or without CTB at a concentration of 85.43 μmol/L, based on half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) index at different times (24, 48 and 72 h). The percentage of apoptotic cells were measured by flow cytometry. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed to estimate the mRNA expression of P300 in MCF-7 and MRC-5 with CTB at different times. ELISA and Bradford protein techniques were used to detect levels of total and acetylated P53 protein generated in MCF-7 and MRC-5. Results: Our findings indicated that CTB could effectively induce apoptosis in MCF-7 significantly higher than MRC-5. We showed that expression of P300 was up-regulated by increasing time of CTB treatment in MCF-7 but not in MRC-5 and the acetylated and total P53 protein levels were increased more in MCF-7 cells than MRC-5. Conclusion: CTB could induce acetylation of P53 protein through increasing expression of P300 and consequently induce the significant cell death in MCF-7 but it could be well tolerated in MRC-5. Therefore, CTB could be used as an anti-cancer agent.

Background: In recent years, antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus epidermidis to methicillin has significantly increased, making it essential to study resistance to methicillin, which is a determining factor in the appropriate treatment pattern. The purpose of this study was to identify methicillin-resistant genes in S. epidermidis strains using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and to determine their mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to methicillin using E-test method. Materials and Methods: MIC was determined on 146 samples of S. epidermidis using E-test method. Moreover, all samples were tested for the presence of mecA gene using PCR. Results: PCR test showed 75.34% of the samples to contain mecA gene. Methicillin resistance test was performed using E-test on all the samples, which showed resistance in different dilutions. Conclusion: The frequency of mecA gene in S. epidermidis isolates was 75.34%. Among the various applied tests used for determining methicillin resistance, sensitivity and specificity of PCR were the highest and reached 100%. Sensitivity and specificity were found to be 95.3% and 94.7%, respectively, for phenotypic test (E-test) and 86.5% and 80.9%, respectively, for disk diffusion method. Based on the above results, it seems that resistance of S. epidermidis to methicillin is on the rise, and therefore more research is warranted.

Background : Urinary incontinence is relatively common in women and is usually associated with pelvic organs prolapse. Our aim was to determine the relationship between type and intensity of urinary incontinence and different grades and types of pelvic organ prolapse among women. Materials and Methods: One-hundred female patients with the chief complaint of incontinence, who were diagnosed with pelvic organ prolapse participated in this study. Intensity of prolapse, stress and urge incontinence were evaluated using POP-Q (Pelvic Organ Prolapse Questionnaire), SEAPI (Stress related, Emptying ability, Anatomy, Protection, Inhibition) and Freeman criteria, respectively. Results: Patients' mean age was 51.95 ± 12.82 years. The most common type of incontinence was stress incontinence (53%) and the most common prolapse type was cystocele (76%). Cystocele and rectocele had a significant relationship with stress (P value = 0.012) and urge incontinence (P value = 0.035), respectively; however, no relationship was observed between different grades of cystocele, rectocele and enterocele with different types of urinary incontinence (P value > 0.05). In patients with urge and mixed incontinence, prolapse grade significantly increased with age, but no such relationship was found in patients with stress incontinence. The number of vaginal deliveries had a significant relationship only with cystocele and rectocele grade; however, the relationship between other variables such as intensity of different types of urinary incontinence and enterocele grade with the number of deliveries was not significant. Conclusion: Pelvic organ prolapse had a significant relationship with urinary incontinence regardless of intensity and POP should be examined in all of these patients.

Background: Periodontitis is inflammation of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by specific microorganisms. Intra-periodontal pocket, mucoadhesive drug delivery systems have been shown to be clinically effective in the treatment of periodontitis. The aim of this study was to formulate a mucoadhesive gel from the seed hull of Quercus brantii and fruits of Coriandrum sativum for the treatment of periodontitis. Materials and Methods: The semisolid concentrated extracts were incorporated in gel base. Mucoadhesive gels were prepared using carbopol 940‚ sodium carboxymethylcellulose (sodium CMC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M (HPMC) as bioadhesive polymers. Physicochemical tests‚ mucoadhesive strength measurement and in vitro drug release study were carried out on two formulations containing carbopol 940 and sodium CMC polymers (Formulations F ₄ and F ₅ ). We investigated the antibacterial activity of formulation F ₅ against Porphyromonas gingivalis using the disk diffusion method on supplemented Brucella agar. Results: Eight gel formulations were prepared. Physical appearance, homogeneity and consistency of F ₄ and F ₅ were good. Mucoadhesion and viscosity of F ₅ (1% carbopol 940 and 3% sodium CMC) was more than F ₄ (0.5% carbopol 940 and 3% sodium CMC). Drug release from F ₅ was slower. Both of formulations were syringeable through 21 G needle. In the disk diffusion method, F ₅ produced significant growth inhibition zones against P. gingivalis. Conclusion: The ideal formulation for the treatment of periodontitis should exhibit high value of mucoadhesion, show controlled release of drug and be easily delivered into the periodontal pocket preferably using a syringe. Based on in vitro release and mucoadhesion studies‚ F ₅ was selected as the best formulation.

Background: Peripartum hysterectomy is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We determined the factors leading to and maternal mortality and morbidity rates among the women whose underwent peripartum hysterectomy in Iran. Materials and Methods: This case-series study was conducted from March 2004 to March 2009 in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at two central university hospitals (Azahra hospital and Shahid Beheshti Hospital) in Isfahan. Forty one women among 29,444 deliveries underwent peripartum hysterectomy. Women who had delivery before 24 weeks and a hysterectomy for other reasons like sterilizations were excluded. Incidence, indications and maternal complications including maternal death and urological, infectious and wound complications were evaluated after operation. Results : During the study period, the incidence of peripartum hysterectomy estimated about 1.39 per 1,000 deliveries. The maternal mortality rate was 17.07%. There was no statistical difference in mortality rates between referrals and non-referrals women ( P = 0.6). Post-operative complications included infection (22%), bladder injuries (7.3%), urine retention (4.8%) and wound dehiscence (4.87%). The main indication was placenta accreta 28 (68.3%). Conclusion : This study indicated the high rate of mortality among patients underwent peripartum hysterectomy. Evaluation of management during referring the patients and designing more studies to evaluate the mortality and morbidities are warranted.

Background: Plastination is a new method of preserving tissue samples for a long time. This study aimed to compare the new plastination technique with the conventional preservative method in glycerin for fetus skeleton tissues and young rats dyed by Alizarin red- Alcian blue double staining. Materials and Methods: In this study, 4 groups of 1-day, 3-day, 12-day and mature rats were selected and, after being anesthetized and slaughtered, their skin was completely removed. In Alizarin red- Alcian blue double staining method, first the samples were fixed in 95% ethanol and then their cartilages were dyed by 0.225% Alcian blue solution; after that, they were cleared in 1% KOH. Then, the bones were dyed in 0.003% Alizarin red solution and finally the tissue was decolorized in 95% ethanol. In each group, half of the samples were preserved by the conventional method in a glycerin container and the other half were plastinated. Results: In the present study, the samples preserved by plastination technique were dry, odorless, indecomposable and tangible. Quality of coloring had an inverse relationship with rats' age. Transparency of the plastinated samples had also an inverse relationship with rats' age. Therefore, skeletal tissue of younger rats had higher quality and transparency in both preservation methods (glycerin and plastination). Conclusion: This study showed that plastination technique was an appropriate method in comparison with glycerin preservation, which conserved skeletal tissue of fetus and young rats colored by Alizarin red- Alcian blue double staining. And the final result was that plastination technique can generate dry, odorless, indecomposable and tangible samples.

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is the most common pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) that shows various resistance to antibiotics, acquires mucoidity and multiple genotypes. This survey was performed to study phenotypic and genotypic variations among P. aeruginosa isolates in CF patients at Alzahra Hospital in Isfahan, Iran. Materials and Methods: The isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from CF patients at Alzahra Hospital was identified by appropriate biochemical and microscopic tests, then performed antibiotic resistance tests and mucoid colony morphotyping. The genum of isolates extracted and confirmed on 16S rDNA-based PCR assay and typed on 16S rDNA-23SrDNA spacer, restricted with Hinf1 restriction enzyme. Results: P. aeruginosa was isolated from 21 of the 59 CF patients (35.5%), Out of 21 isolates 9 (42.8%) strains were revealed mucoid morphotype. 81.8% isolates of mucoid strains were resistance to at least one of four antibiotics (GM, AN, PIP and CP). Most of the isolates (86%) showed resistance to ceftazidime. Ribotyping revealed two patterns (P1, P5). Conclusion: The isolates of P. aeruginosa showed meaningful difference between drug resistance to antibiotics. The majority of P. aeruginosa isolated from CF patients showed pattern1 of PCR-Ribotyping.

Background: Currently, imatinib is the drug of choice for initiation of medical treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in the chronic phase. The current study was carried out to compare effectiveness and safety of Iranian vs. Indian imatinib. Materials and Methods: The clinical study was performed on newly diagnosed CML patients in Seyyed-oShohada Hospital (Isfahan) and Khansari Hospital (Arak) from January to June 2011. The control group consisted of CML patients who received Indian imatinib previously. The drug was initiated with the dose of 400 mg daily. The patients were followed for six months, and the treatment outcomes (WBC <10 ⁴ ) and molecular response. Finally, the two groups were compared in these respects. Result: We evaluated 43 patients in each group. The hematological and molecular responses for the Iranian Imatinib were respectively 86.0% and 46.5%, while the rates were respectively 86.0 and 44.2% for the Indian imatinib. The two groups were similar with regard to the treatment outcome. The two groups were not significantly different with regard to the drug adverse effects. Conclusion: According to the findings, the Iranian imatinib is not different from the Indian drug in the hematological and molecular responses in treatment of the chronic phase of CML patients. Furthermore, the adverse effects of the two kinds were not significantly different. Compared with the results of other studies, the effectiveness of Iranian imatinib is equivalent to the Indian drug can be employed for treatment of CML patients in the chronic phase.

Background: To examine the prevalence of high-risk subjects of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and its predictive factors in patients undergoing elective surgery by using the Berlin Questionnaire. Materials and Methods: 300 surgical ASA physical status I, II, III, and IV patients were surveyed. Patients were screened with the Berlin questionnaire for obstructive sleep apnea. Data of sex, age, BMI and HTN also evaluated. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test and P < 0.05 was meaningful. Results: The Berlin questionnaire identified 25.3% (76/300) of patients as being at high risk of sleep apnea (95% confidence interval, 20%-28%). This group consisted of 195 (65%) males and 105 (35%) females. The prevalence of high-risk subjects in men were more significantly than women ( P = 0.001). High-risk subjects also were increasing with age ( P = 0.000) and increasing with obesity ( P = 0.000) and arterial hypertension ( P = 0.000). Conclusions: Predictors of high risk for OSA-related symptoms were female sex, age more than 50 years, and body mass index.

Background: Cutaneous nerves on the dorsum of foot are at risk for iatrogenic damage while performing arthroscopy, local anaesthetic block, surgical approach to the fibula, open reduction and internal fixation of lateral malleolar fractures, application of external fixators, elevation of a fasciocutaneous or fibular flaps for grafting, surgical decompression of neurovascular structures, or miscellaneous surgery on leg, foot and ankle. Hence the present study was undertaken to classify the different patterns of cutaneous innervation on the dorsum of foot of foetuses which will help in minimizing iatrogenic damage to the nerves. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 lower limbs from 20 foetuses were dissected and the branching patterns of nerves were noted and specimens were photographed. Results: Four distinct patterns of innervation with additional subtypes were identified and designated as Type 1 a-g; 2 a-d; 3; 4 a-c. Conclusion: Detailed knowledge about the pattern of cutaneous innervation of dorsum of foot may decrease the damage to these nerves during operative procedures near the foot and ankle.

Background: There is conflict of interest in the treatment of intracapsular femoral neck fractures and the outcomes. The aim of this study was evaluation the treatment outcomes of closed and open reduction and internal fixation with screw in 18-50-year-old patients. Materials and Methods: This clinical randomized study was conducted in Ayatollah Kashani Center in Isfahan from Nov 2010 to Nov 2011. In 42 patients selected in a randomized manner, fractures were reduced by closed reduction or open if necessary and C-ARM was controlled in AP and lateral plans. Movement range and femur pain severity were evaluated according to Visual analogue Scale (VAS) score at 3 and 6 months after surgery. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18. Chi-square, t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, mean, and mean deviation were used. Results: Forty-two patients with femoral neck fracture were treated by open [31 patients (73.8%)] or closed reduction [11 patients (26.2%)] and also osteosynthesis. Their mean age was 47.3 ± 9.8 years; 29 of them were males and 13 were females. Twelve patients had bad range of motion (ROM) (28.6%), 16 had intermediate ROM (38%), and 14 had good ROM (33.4%). After 6 months, 12 patients (28.6%) had bad ROM, 10 (23.8%) had intermediate ROM, and 20 (47.6%) had good ROM. There were 11 cases of non-union (35.5%) in the open reduction group and 4 in the closed group. Conclusion: This study showed that femoral neck fracture is associated with several complications, especially if open reduction was necessary. So, the surgical method and necessary equipments such as radiolucent bed, C-ARM machine, and implant cannulated screw set should be considered.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a common human pathogen in community- and hospital-acquired infection, and its capsule is involved in pathogenesis. The predominance of 2 capsular polysaccharides types 5 and 8, on the surface of clinical isolates, led to the development of conjugate vaccine (Staph VAX) based on capsular polysacchrides types 5 and 8 conjugated to a carrier protein. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of capsular polysaccharides types 5 and 8 Staphylococcus aureus strains among isolates and their comparison with respect to methicillin resistance. Materials and Methods: We studied the capsular genotypes of 193 isolates that encompassed both hospital- and community-acquired infection in Al-Zahra Hospital of Isfahan city from 2008 to 2009. Cap5 and 8 genes were detected by PCR method. Methicillin resistance was determined by PCR (mecA) and disk diffusion methods as well. Result: In this population (193 cases), most of the clinical isolates (73%) expressed capsular polysaccharide type 5 (24%) and 8 (49%), whereas 27% were non-typeable. The prevalence of MRSA in type 8 was 67.9%, whereas MRSA isolates in the capsular genotype 5 were 22.2%. Conclusion: This study Staphylococcus aureus confirms that the prevalence of capsular polysaccharide types (5 and 8) are predominant, and Staphylococcus aureus type 8 is more resistant to methicillin compared to type 5.

Background: Considering that protocols of postoperative pain management would be planned regarding the facilities of each center or region and the importance of its proper management to reduce its related complication and improve patient's satisfaction, in this study we compared the effect of orally administrated tramadol and acetaminophen-codeine in this regard. Materials and Methods: In this prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial, 136 (68 in tramadol and 68 in acetaminophen codeine groups) ASA I and II patients scheduled for open cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia were enrolled. They randomly allocated to receive oral tramadol (50 mg capsule) or acetaminophen-codeine (325/10 mg) 1 hour before surgery. After surgery they evaluated for postoperative pain using VAS score, analgesic consumption and vomiting. Results: Mean of postoperative pain score during 24 hours after surgery was 2.1 ± 1.0 and 3.8 ± 2.0 in tramadol and acetaminophen-codeine groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Mean of analgesic consumption (morphine) during 24 hours after surgery was 6.2 ± 4.4 mg and 12.9 ± 5.7 mg in tramadol and acetaminophen-codeine groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Mean of vomiting during 24 hours after surgery was 1.2 ±0.9 and 0.4 ± 0.5 in tramadol and acetaminophen-codeine groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of current study indicated that in lower dose of tramadol (50 mg) and acetaminophen/codeine (325 mg/10 mg) the analgesic effect of tramadol is better and its side effects are higher than acetaminophen/codeine, which limit its use for mentioned purpose. It seems that administration of each of studied agents it depends on patients' tolerance and decision of the physician.

Background: Veal is a rich nutrient medium that provides a suitable environment for proliferation of veal spoiling microorganisms and common food-borne pathogens. In this study, the effects of irradiation on the veal microbiological quality and half life of minced beef during chilled storage was investigated. Materials and Methods: Twenty samples of minced veal were irradiated with doses of 2, 5, 7, and 10 kGy (Cobalt-60, gamma cell 220) and evaluated for their microbiological quality up to 10 days. Results: The results showed that gamma irradiation reduced the number of microorganisms in all the irradiated minced veal samples, with 2, 5, 7, and 10 kGy (P < 0.01). Moreover, the half life of the samples were increased considerably (P < 0.01). In addition, the results indicated that there was a significant difference in the number of coliformes between untreated and irradiated samples (P < 0.05). While, Staphylococcus aureus could not be detected in the irradiated samples with doses of 7 and 10 kGy. Conclusion: These results indicated that irradiation could be employed as an effective mean to inactivate common food-borne pathogens namely S. aureus and increases the half life of veal.

Background: Essential oils have been used as an alternative and complementary treatment in medicine. Citrus fragrance has been used by aromatherapists for the treatment of anxiety symptoms. Based on this claim, the aim of present study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy with essential oil of orange on child anxiety during dental treatment. Materials and Methods: Thirty children (10 boys, 20 girls) aged 6-9 years participated in a crossover intervention study, according to the inclusion criteria, among patients who attended the pediatric department of Isfahan Dental School in 2011. Every child underwent two dental treatment appointments including dental prophylaxis and fissure-sealant therapy under orange aroma in one session (intervention) and without any aroma (control) in another one. Child anxiety level was measured using salivary cortisol and pulse rate before and after treatment in each visit. The data were analyzed using t-test by SPSS software version 18. Results: The mean ± SD and mean difference of salivary cortisol levels and pulse rate were calculated in each group before and completion of treatment in each visit. The difference in means of salivary cortisol and pulse rate between treatment under orange odor and treatment without aroma was 1.047 ± 2.198 nmol/l and 6.73 ± 12.3 (in minutes), which was statistically significant using paired t-test (P = 0.014, P = 0.005, respectively). Conclusion: It seems that the use of aromatherapy with natural essential oil of orange could reduce salivary cortisol and pulse rate due to child anxiety state.

Background: Postoperative pain relief is important in procedures of the lower extremity. Several previous studies have evaluated the efficacy of intra-articular (IA) pethidine as a compound, which has local anesthetic and opioid agonist properties, on postoperative pain relief in arthroscopic knee surgery (AKS). This study compared the postoperative analgesic effect of pre- and post-surgical IA pethidine administration in AKS. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I and II undergoing AKS with general anesthesia were enrolled in this double-blind study. Patients were randomized in three equal groups to receive either 50 mg IA pethidine before surgical incision incision and saline after skin closure (PS), saline before surgical incision and pethedine after skin closure (SP), and only saline at two different times (SS). In each patient with operated knee joint, pain at rest and joint movement was evaluated at 1, 2, 6, 12, and 24 h after surgery completion using Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA)-repeated measure, t-paired, and Chi-square tests. Results: Postoperative pain score at rest and joint movement in PS group was significantly lower than those in other groups. The time (Mean ± SD) between completion of operation and patient's request for morphine, total morphine consumption (Mean ± SD) in postoperative 24 h, and the numbers of patients requesting analgesic in PS, SP, SS, groups were: 5.2 ± 1.3, 3.3 ± 1.5, and 2 ± 1.3 h (P < 0.05); 4.4 ± 2.4, 8.7 ± 2, and 11.6 ± 4.4 mg (P < 0.05); 11, 18, and 21 persons (P < 0.05), respectively. Conclusion: The present study shows that preemptive intra-articular pethidine 50 mg injection is more effective than preventive injection for postoperative pain relief at rest and joint movement in arthroscopic knee surgery.

Background: Catamenial epilepsy is a kind of epilepsy, known in this name, when the periodicity of the exacerbation of the seizure is in association with menstural cycle. The present study examined the progesterone effectiveness as a complementary treatment in women with intractable catamenial epilepsy. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted as a double-blind randomized controlled trial on 38 women with intractable catamenial epilepsy. Patients were assessed in two groups: The case group received in addition to AEDs, two (Mejestrol) 40 mg progesterone tablets in the second half of the cycle from 15 ^th to 25 ^th day. And the control group received in addition to AEDs, two placebo tablets daily. Age, BMI, epilepsy duration, types of the drugs used, progesterone level, and the number of the seizures in 3 months before and after the study were compared. Results: Based on the results of which there was no statistically significant difference in regard to age, BMI, epilepsy duration, types of the drugs used, progesterone level between the case and the control groups (P-value > 0.05). The number of the seizures after treatment has significantly decreased compared to before-treatment state. The degree of decreasing in the case group receiving the progesterone was higher than in the control group receiving the placebo. The difference, thus, is significant, based on statistical tests (P-value = 0.024). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study using progesterone in women with intractable catamenial epilepsy has a significant effect on the degree of decreasing in the number of the seizures.

Background: Throughout the world, bloodstream infections (BSI _s ) are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Rapid pathogens identification is central significance for the outcome of the patient than culture techniques for microbial identification. To develop an end point multiplex PCR to identify a group of bacteria including Enterococcus spp., Pseudomons aeruginosa, Staphylococcus spp., Acinetobacter baumannii, 16S rDNA, and Drosophila Melanogaster were used as internal control (IC). Materials and Methods: Design of primers was done using Mega4, Allel ID6, Oligo6 and Oligo analyzer softwares. Genetic targets for primer designing and identification of genus Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and species of Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomons aeruginosa, included the rpoB, rpoB and gyrA, sss respectively. Then PCR and multiplex PCR were performed Results: The intended specificity was obtained for the bacteria, which used in this study and there wasn't seen any unspecific amplification by the multiplex PCR. The test showed a sensitivity ranging from 1 to 100 target copies per reaction depending on the bacterial species. Conclusions: The presented multiplex PCR offers a rapid and accurate molecular diagnostic tool for simultaneous detection of some pathogenic microorganisms. The IC exists in the multiplex PCR accompanied by other primers in the system, can serve as a simple, cost- effective internal control for the multiplex PCR assay.

Our proband is a 29-year-old man, who is affected with soft cleft palate and hypernasality. A study of about six generations of this family pedigree shows that cleft palate has repeatedly occurred in males, with probably a X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance. Interestingly, the sister of the proband is affected with hypernasality and she has an affected son. This is the first report of X-linked inheritance pattern of cleft palate in Iran.

Background: This study is planned to obtain a better understanding of the correlation between sudden sensorineural hearing loss and cardiopulmonary bypass. There are many causes for sudden hearing loss which include infectious, circulatory, inner ear problems like meniere's disease, neoplastic, traumatic, metabolic, neurologic, immunologic, toxic, cochlear, idiopathic (unknown cause) and other causes. One of the less common cause is surgery include cardiopulmonary bypass procedures. Materials and Methods: This study is a self controlled clinical trial on 105 patients that was carried out in chamran Hospital, Esfahan, Iran. Participants were including all those patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery in the hospital who fell under the criteria for inclusion. Patients underwent audiometric testing at our hospital on three or two different occasions during the course of this study, Initially before the procedure to test the baseline hearing capacity; then two week after the procedure to assess any changes in hearing ability following the surgery. Data analysis performed by co-variance analysis. Results: In our study the changes in the threshold of hearing in frequency of 1000 in right ear and in frequencies of 2000 and 4000 in left ear were significant, but this changes were about 2-3 db and were not noticeable. The difference in degree of SNHL, before and after surgery in different frequencies were been shown. Conclusion: As loss of the patients with symptomatic sensory neural hearing loss in this study, It isn't commanded the routin auditory assessment pre and post surgery was been done.

Background: This prospective study was performed to identify whether the early use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (n CPAP) would reduce the rate of endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation and surfactant administration. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted from June 2009 to September 2010 in the Shahid Beheshti University Hospital, Isfahan-Iran. A total of 72 preterm infants with 25-30 weeks gestation who needed respiratory support at 5 min after birth entered the study. Infants were randomly assigned to the very early CPAP (initiated 5 min after birth) or to the late CPAP (initiated 30 min after birth) treatment groups. The primary outcomes were need for intubation and mechanical ventilation during the first 48 h after birth and secondary outcomes were death, pneumothorax, intraventricular hemorrhage, duration of mechanical ventilation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to mortality rate, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and patent ductus arteriosus. The need for surfactant administration was significantly reduced in the early CPAP group (P = 0.04). Infants in the early CPAP group less frequently required intubation and mechanical ventilation. Conclusions: Early n CPAP is more effective than late n CPAP for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome. In addition, the early use of n CPAP would reduce the need for some invasive procedures such as intubation and mechanical ventilation.

Background: Tumor growth requires expansion and development of vascular network. An increase in Gleason score is representative of an increase in tumor invasion and extent. In this study, the relationship between Gleason score and vascular characteristics of needle biopsy samples in prostate cancer patients has been evaluated. Materials and Methods: We evaluated vascular characteristics including density and size of vessels; and percentage of vessels with irregular shape in 62 cancer-positive samples obtained by prostate needle biopsy under ultrasound guide, and compared them to Gleason score. Result: Gleason scores of 23 patients were ≤6; Gleason scores of 18 patients were 7 and 21 patients had their Gleason score from 8 to 10. An increase in Gleason score was associated with increased vascular density (P < 0.0001), increased percentage of vessels with irregular shape (P < 0.02) and decreased average vascular diameter (P < 0.015), from which the relationship with vascular density was clearer and more evident. Conclusion: Vascular morphological characteristics can be representative of angiogenic potential of prostate cancer which is required for tumor progression. As Gleason score can prognosticate the behavioral characteristics of prostate cancer in future, vascular characteristics may also be able to express tumor behavior. With attention to vascular characteristics in biopsy samples and apart from Gleason score, we may also be able to divide patients into other subtypes in a way being helpful for the establishment of treatment plan.

Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is a technique for the treatment of cutaneous malignancies. Subtle determination of tumor margin would end to fewer stages of surgery. Our aim was to compare these three ways for determining tumor extension before initiation of MMS, examination with the naked eye, dermoscopy and curettage. Sixty patients who had basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in head and neck area were randomized in three groups (curettage, dermoscopy and examination with the naked eye). Each group encompassed twenty patients. The total number of resection stages in MMS was recorded for each patient. Demographic data of the patients and the total number of resection stages in MMS were statistically analyzed. Based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) test results, there was no significant difference for total number of stages in statistical point of view between three groups (P value = 0.1). In this research, the Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a direct relation between the age and resection stages (r = 0.19, P value = 0.04). The Chi-square test showed no differences between three groups in age, residence and radiotherapy history.

Background: To investigate the effect of polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer (Vantris) injection for the correction of VUR in children according to ureteral orifice shape and VUR grade. Materials and Methods: Forty children (29 girls and 11 boys) with 61 renal refluxing units (RRU) and primary VUR underwent endoscopic correction of their reflux, using Vantris. Under general anesthesia, routine cystoscopy was performed and ureteral orifice configuration and dynamic hydro distention grade were determined. The injection technique was STING, HIT or a combination of them. Ultrasound scan was performed one and 3 months after injection and radionuclide cystography (RNC) was performed 3 months after the operation. Results: The mean volume of injected Vantris was 0.62 cc. Reflux was corrected in 52 (85.2%) of the 61 RRU after single injection and this equates reflux correction in 37 of the 40 patients. No significant correlation was observed between ureteral orifice shape and VUR correction rate. Conclusions: Our results showed that there was no correlation between the ureteral orifice configuration and the success rate of endoscopic surgery for VUR in short term.