Background: Due to the very high and increasing prevalence, essential complications, and risk factors for psychiatric disorders, it is necessary to introduce screening tests for diagnosing and predicting mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) prognosis. Materials and Methods: After completing the consent form and recording information and examination findings of patients with mild trauma, venous blood samples were taken from these patients. The samples were measured by observing the cold chain. After 3 months from mTBI, the post concussion symptoms questionnaire (PCSQ) and the short form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire for physical and mental evaluations were performed. Statistical tests analyzed the relationship between different variables and serum Creatine kinase BB (CKBB) levels. Results: Statistic analyses showed no relation between CKBB level of serum and age, gender, level of consciousness, PCSQ, and SF 36 scale, and the interval between trauma and arrival to the hospital. Further, there is a significant correlation between CK-BB levels and intracranial damage based on Fisher's exact test. Conclusion: This study and following more significant considerations can introduce a serum-based biomarker panel that can accurately differentiate patients with complicated mTBI from those with uncomplicated.

Background: Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are the most common pituitary tumors and although they do not secrete hormones, they can have systemic effects. These tumors affect the function of other organs in the body by exerting pressure on the pituitary gland. There are differences between biomarkers NFPAs compared to healthy people. This study was conducted to show blood marker changes in adenomas compared to healthy people. Materials and Methods: This article compared the blood markers of NFPAs with healthy individuals retrospectively. The difference between blood markers in the two groups was statistically investigated where the predictive value of blood markers in the differentiation of the two groups was determined. An artificial neural network was also designed using the blood markers with its accuracy and predictive value determined. Results: A total of 96 NFPAs (nonfunctional pituitary adenoma) and 96 healthy individuals were evaluated. There was statistically a significant difference and positive correlation in platelet to lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, and derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio between NFPAs and healthy individuals. There was a significant and negative correlation between red blood cell (RBC), lymphocyte, and monocyte between the two groups. RBC as an independent factor was associated with NFPAs. In this study, the artificial neural network was able to differentiate between NFPTs cases and healthy individuals with an accuracy of 81.2%. Conclusion: There are differences between blood markers in NFPAs relative to healthy people and the artificial neural network can accurately differentiate between them.

Despite the prevalence of hydatid cyst in humans, its occurrence in the heart is rare. The clinical signs of the mentioned cyst in the heart are diverse, which makes its diagnosis challenging. In addition, the cardiac hydatidosis is diagnosed late as this disease progresses gradually. In this report, the cases discussed of a case with intraventricular cardiac hydatid cyst with coronary artery disease and multiple hepatic hydatid cysts. After diagnosis, the patient underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and the cyst was successfully removed. Considering the probability of heart involvement in endemic regions, devoting due attention to the disease as well as performing faster diagnosis of the disease can play a significant role in reducing its complications.

Background: Stem cells have been proposed to be one of the potent sources for treatment applications. Among diverse types of stem cells, stem cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) are known as the immature stem cell population, which are easily isolated, fast, and without ethical implications. SHEDs could induce pluripotent stem cells and show differentiation in chondrocytes, adipocytes, osteoblasts, neural cells, hepatocytes, myocytes, odontoblasts, and skin cells. Materials and Methods: In the current study, we investigated the effects of SHED on osteosarcoma cells (Saos-II) following 3 and 5 days indirect coculture. Results: Our results showed that indirect coculture of SHED with Saos-II cells could promote or inhibit Saos-II cells' growth in a concentration (the number of SHED vs. Saos-II cells) and time (days of indirect co-culture) dependent manner. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that, indirectly, SHED co-culture with the Soas-II cells might functions as a tumor suppressor where a higher number of SHEDs are used in the culture in comparison with the one cultured in the absence of/or fewer SHED incubation.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common chronic inflammatory disorder that can be associated with some hearing impairments. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence rate of hearing loss (HL) in RA patients. Materials and Methods: This study included 130 participants from February 2019 to March 2020 including 100 RA patients (78 females and 22 males) as RA group and 30 healthy cases (16 females and 14 males) as control group. All patients underwent pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, tympanometry, acoustic reflex, and tone decay test by single operator and device. The rate of HL and contributing factors were then determined. Results: The mean age of RA group was 53.95 ± 7.6 years, and the mean duration of disease was 12.74 years. Rheumatoid factor was positive in 54% of patients, and the frequency rates of diabetes, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and dyslipidemia among RA patients were 14%, 1%, 26%, and 19%, respectively. These values among RA patients with HL were 18%, 1.7%, 34%, and 27.5%, respectively. HL in RA patients was related to dyslipidemia (P = 0.011) and age (P = 0.0001). Frequency rate of conductive HL in left and right ears was 2% and 5%, respectively, and these rates for sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) were 55% and 61%, respectively. In addition, the percent of HL in low, mid, and high frequency ranges was 18%, 19%, and 57%, respectively. Conclusions: The findings of the present research demonstrate that HL especially with SNHL and high-frequency types is common among RA patients.

Background: Endophthalmitis is a rare but a high morbid complication after cataract surgery, and a gold standard treatment is not recommended yet. In this study, we aim to evaluate the effect of early vitrectomy on the visual acuity of patients with postcataract endophthalmitis. Materials and Methods: This study was a single-arm clinical trial on 27 patients with postcataract surgery endophthalmitis. Early vitrectomy was the intervention. Visual acuity as the primary outcome was evaluated and compared at baseline, at discharge, and 1 and 3 months after the intervention. Results: From 27 patients who included in our study, six patients gain favorable visual acuity of 5/10 and above (success rate = 22%), and four of them have no improvement in their visual acuity. Retinal detachment was reported as a complication in just one case. Negative culture was a predictor for success in terms of visual acuity after the surgery. All patients who gain favorable results, presented in the first 15 days after the cataract surgery. Conclusion: The result of our study showed that, considering complete, early vitrectomy for the treatment of postcataract surgery endophthalmitis, especially for those who presented in the first 15 days of cataract surgery and for those who have negative culture is promising.

Background: This study compares the effect of vaginal administration of evening primrose oil with misoprostol on cervical preparation in prim gravid women at ≥40 weeks gestation. Materials and Methods: This was a double-blind randomized clinical trial conducted in Isfahan, Iran during 2019-2020 on 110 prim gravid pregnant women with a gestational age of 40 weeks and more and cephalic presentation of the fetus with the obstetrical indication for pregnancy termination. After obstetric examinations to rule out cephalo pelvic disproportion and calculation of the Bishop score by the researcher, patients were randomized to receive 25 μg misoprostol tablets (n = 55) or 1000 mg evening primrose oil Pearls (n = 55) administrated vaginally by a midwife. We compared Bishop's score before and after the intervention, time of cervical ripening, a dose of intervention for cervical ripening, need to induce labor, the interval between cervical preparation and induction of labor, duration of oxytocin use, need for cesarean section, and its cause, Apgar score at 5 and 10 minutes, neonatal birth weight. Results: Mean baseline Bishop Score was not significant between the groups (P = 0.45); after the intervention, it was significantly higher in the primrose oil group (P < .001). Significantly fewer patients required cesarean sections in the primrose oil group (P = 0.03). The other outcomes were. not significant between the groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Misoprostol and primrose oil administration appear to positively affect cervical readiness. Primrose oil resulted in significantly better Bishop Scores and fewer cesarean sections compared to misoprostol in pregnancy 40 weeks and more.

Background: Tumor recurrence as one of the main causes of cancer death is a big barrier to cancer complete treatment. Various studies denote the possible role of therapeutics in tumor relapse. Cisplatin as one of the generally used chemotherapy agents is supposed to be the source of therapy resistance through formation of polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs). Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which PGCCs promote tumor relapse are not fully understood. Materials and Methods: In this study, we performed experimental and bioinformatic investigations to recognize the mechanisms related to cisplatin resistance. A2780 and SCOV-3 cell lines were treated with cisplatin for 72 hours and were evaluated for their morphology by fluorescent microscopy and DNA content analysis. Furthermore, a microarray dataset of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells was re-analyzed to determine the significantly altered genes and signaling pathways. Results: Although cisplatin led to death of considerable fraction of cells in both cell lines, a significant number of survived cells became polyploid. On the other hand, our high throughput analysis determined significant change in expression of 1930 genes which mainly related to gene regulatory mechanisms and nuclear processes. Besides, mTOR, hypoxia, Hippo, and 14-3-3 signaling pathways previously shown to have role in PGCCs were determined. Conclusion: Taken together, results of this study demonstrated some key biological mechanisms related to cisplatin-resistant polyploid cancer cells.

Background: Hazelnut oil has a unique structure with a high oleic acid content, tocopherol, tocotrienols, and other bioactive compounds, such as phytosterols. These biochemical compounds have been widely studied because of their potential health properties. Understanding the process of apoptosis is the basis of new therapies contributing to cancer cells' death. Recently, the potential role of the evolutionary-reserved bcl-2 protein family in tumor progression and prognosis of some malignancies has been addressed in several studies. The present study is aimed at evaluating the effect of apoptotic properties of hazelnut oil on colorectal cancer cells through the major members of this family (bax and bcl-2). Materials and Methods: MTT assay, apoptotic cell staining (using Annexin V and propidium iodide), flow cytometry, and real-time PCR were used to evaluate the toxicity, percentage of apoptotic cells, and bax and bcl-2 genes' expression after exposing HT29 cells to hazelnut oil. Results: After hazelnut treatment, significant decreases in cell viability, and the gene expression of bax and bcl-2 were observed compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the total percentage of apoptotic cells after hazelnut oil treatment showed a significant increase in comparison with the negative control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Hazelnut oil appears to cause the death of cancerous cells through an apoptotic mechanism.

Background: Considering antioxidant effects of vitamin E (Vit E), in the present study, the effect of Vit E on liver and kidney functions and oxidative stress parameters in tissues of these organs of hypothyroid (Hypo) rats were reported. Materials and Methods: The animals were included in three groups:(1) control, (2) hypo, and (3) hypo-hypo-Vit E. Hypothyroidism was induced in rats by giving 0.05% propylthiouracil (PTU) in drinking water. Besides PTU, the rats in group 3 were daily injected with Vit E (20 mg/kg) for 42 days. The animals were deeply anesthetized and sacrificed, and the serum of the rats was immediately removed to measure thyroxin level and subsequent analysis. The liver and kidney tissues were also immediately removed for biochemical oxidative stress criteria. Results: PTU administration reduced serum thyroxin level and also thiol content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the liver and kidney tissues while increasing malondialdehyde (MDA). Hypothyroidism also increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine while decreasing albumin. Vit E increased thiol, SOD, and CAT in the liver and kidney tissues while diminished MDA. Vit E also decreased ALT, BUN, and creatinine while increased albumin. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that Vit E prevented liver and renal tissue damage in hypothyroid rats.

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of ipratropium bromide with violet flower extract, ipratropium bromide with budesonide, and ipratropium bromide alone on the cuff-leak of the endotracheal tube and changes in hemodynamic parameters in intubated patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Materials and Methods: The present randomized clinical trial study was performed on 195 intubated patients in three groups of 65 patients. The first group received nebulized ipratropium bromide with budesonide (I + B group), the second group in addition to ipratropium bromide, received one tablespoon of the violet flower extract syrup every 8 hours (I + V group), and the third group received nebulized ipratropium bromide alone (I group). Hemodynamic parameters and the cuff-leak ratio (CLR) of patients were evaluated up to 72 hours after intubation. Results: The results of the present study revealed that 12 hours after intubation, the mean of CLR was significantly lower in group I (with a mean of 0.14 ± 0.02) as compared with that of the I + V and I + B groups (with the means of 0.16 ± 0.05 and 0.23 ± 0.05, respectively) (P < 0.001). In addition, 24 hours after intubation, the mean of CLR in group I + V was higher than that of I + B and I groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the use of violet extract syrup in patients under intubation can significantly improve patients' ratio of cuff-leak and SpO2. It seems that the use of violet extract syrup is effective to prevent unwanted complications during intubation and to facilitate patients' breathing.

Background: Considering the importance of weight disorders in childhood and its impact until adulthood, this study was conducted to assess the determinants of weight disorders in 2-year-old Iranian children. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 among on 2300 children registered in Comprehensive Health Centers of Isfahan, Iran. Weight disorders, including underweight and overweight were defined according to the standardized National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/Centers for Disease Control (CDC) growth charts. Demographic data including gender, birth weight, maternal educational levels and occupation, duration of breastfeeding and the age of beginning complementary food were gathered. Results: In the present study, 750 children (i.e., 32.6%) had weight disorders. Among them, 53.6% were underweight, 26.3% were overweight, and 12.9% were obese, 7.2%had severe underweight. Female gender, university education of mothers and higher levels of socio-economic status significantly increased the chance of overweight by 14.79%, 22.28%, 27.33% and 24.48%, respectively. Although with the increase in the duration of breastfeeding and the increase of family members, overweight, respectively, decreased by 0.86 and 0.93 fold, but it was not statistically significant. There was an inverse, significant relationship between the duration of breastfeeding with overweight versus underweight. Conclusion: Underweight and overweight were the two most common weight disorders among 2-year- children, respectively. Control of modifiable risk factors for weight disorders in early life should be underscored in the primary health care system.

Background: Rosacea is a skin chronic inflammation with an unknown cause and cure. Environmental and genetic factors could not entirely explain the disease pathogenesis. Recently, infections like Chlamydia pneumoniae are of more attention in the rosacea progression. This study investigated the relationship between the C. pneumoniae seropositivity and the rosacea disorder. Materials and Methods: We aimed at a cohort of 100 patients with the rosacea disorder (60 active and 40 inactive) and from 100 sex- and age-matched healthy controls in Isfahan and determined the immunoglobulin M (IgM)/IgG antibodies titers to C. pneumoniae in the serum using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The groups were compared using the analysis of variance procedure at the significant level of P < 0.05, statistically. Results: The mean of IgG in the controls was significantly higher than the levels in both the active and the inactive rosacea patients (p < 0.022). Also, the titer of serum IgM to C. pneumoniae in the controls was different, compared with the active (p < 0.019) and the inactive (p < 0.02) rosacea patients. In addition, the median titer of serum IgG (not IgM) to C. pneumoniae in the females with the inactive rosacea disorder was lower than the active rosacea disorder (p < 0.019) and controls women (p < 0.008). Furthermore, the serum level of IgG or IgM to C. pneumoniae in the controls males was higher than the males with the rosacea disorder (p < 0.05) and (p < 0.02), alternatively. Conclusion: C. pneumoniae seropositivity in the rosacea patients and controls was insignificant.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common oral lesions and the tongue is one of the most common areas involved. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathologic feature of tongue SCCs based on its local distribution. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, clinical data such as age, gender, location, and clinical appearance were extracted from the archives of the Oral Pathology Department, Isfahan Dental School, registered with a definitive diagnosis of tongue SCC during 2005-2019. Then, 34 specimens were selected for histopathological evaluation in a simple random way. The histopathologic slides were examined to determine the grade of tumor malignancy. The data were entered into SPSS23 software and analyzed by Chi-square, Fisher exact, One-way ANOVA, and Non-parametric tests. P value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Of the 275 OSCCs, 68 samples were tongue SCC. The mean age of patients was 61.7 ± 15 and 61.8% were women. The most common clinical manifestations were exophytic lesions (42.6%) and the most common site was the lateral border of the tongue (36.8%). The results did not show a significant relationship between the clinicopathologic feature including mean age (p = 0.766), gender (p = 0.338), clinical presentation (p = 0.434), grade of malignancy (p = 0.763) and location. But, among the histopathological parameters, the pattern of invasion (p = 0.047) was significantly associated with the local distribution. Conclusion: Given that most OSCCs had moderate differentiation of malignancy, identification of clinical features is needed. Attention to the pattern of invasion and location on the tongue can be effective in determining the therapeutic approach.

Background: Among various parameters used to predict the outcome of malignancy, nerve invasion has been widely considered as a sign of aggressive behavior in oral cancers. According to the importance of neural invasion in predicting the outcome of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of neural and vascular invasion in OSCC. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive, analytical, and cross-sectional study, paraffin-embedded tissues of 62 OSCC in the health center of surgery and pathology were evaluated (2013–2015). Patients' archives were evaluated and recorded in terms of their age and gender. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides were then examined by two oral pathologists and scrutinized for the presence of nerve involvement, tumor differentiation, vascular and lymph node invasion, and depth of invasion. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23, t-test, and one-way ANOVA (P < 0.05). Results: Of 62 tumors, 12 patients showed only nerve invasion, 17 cases had only vascular invasion, and seven patients had both neural and vascular invasion, simultaneously, known as a neurovascular invasion. Furthermore, there was no vascular and neural invasion in 26 cases. There was a statistically significant correlation between vascular and neural invasion and the tumor site (P = 0.045). The highest frequency of neural invasion, as well as vascular invasion, was related to tongue tumors. Conclusion: The relation between neural and vascular invasion in OSCC with tumor's location was statistically significant. Lip and tongue carcinoma had shown more neurovascular invasion without relation to gender, age, and cell differentiation.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between maternal predisposing factors with the level of maternal serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and free subunit human chorionic gonadotropin and nuchal translucency. Materials and Methods: We performed a cross-sectional-analytical study on 762 pregnant women who referred to the Gene Azma Medical Genetics Laboratory in Isfahan for amniocentesis. All pregnant women at high risk of screening in the first trimester of pregnancy for trisomy 21 and other aneuploidy were referred to a gynecologist for amniotic fluid sampling (amniocentesis). Multiple of the means (MoM) of PAPPA ≤0.5, 0.5 ≥ MoM free β-hCG >2.5, and NT ≥3.5 mm were considered abnormal. We used Chi-square method and Mann–Whitney U-test to compare data qualitative and quantitative, respectively. Results: In individuals with less pregnancies and deliveries, the value of abnormal NT was higher (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, respectively). On the other hand, the highest abnormal rate of NT was observed in pregnant women under 35 years (21, 84%, P < 0.012). In addition, abnormal levels of free β-hCG are more common in women < 35 years of age (186, 66.9%, P < 0.02) and female fetuses (171, 58.8%) (P < 0.006). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be said that considering the underlying factors of pregnant mothers in performing tests related to screening in the first trimester of pregnancy can lead to a reduction in false positive rates.

Background: This study investigated the impact of individual factors on the Health information-seeking behavior (HISB) of infertile couples undergoing Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART). Materials and Methods: This applied study was done using the descriptive-analytical method. The population of the study remains to be infertile couples undergoing ART referred to a public Infertility Center and a private one in Bandar Abbas (capital of Hormozgan province, Southern Iran) in the summer of 2020. Using simple random sampling, 168 people were selected. The data collection tool was a questionnaire extracted from Longo HISB Model, used after validation and reliability. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive and inferential tests. Results: The results showed that individual factors (gender, education, income, age, and cause of infertility) affect the HISB of infertile couples. Based on the analysis of variance, there was a significant difference between infertile couples concerning Passive Information Receipt (F = 2.688 and P = 0.048) so the couples with a male cause used Passive Information Receipt more. Conclusions: Considering the results, it is necessary for the country's health system to take appropriate measures to provide an appropriate situation for better decision-making for infertile couples and improve the chances of fertility by reducing the existing inequalities to Active Information Receipt and quality health information.

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an ulcerative skin disease caused by some species of the genus Leishmania. Evidence shows that Perovskia abrotanoides is an important herbal medicine against Leishmania. This study was conducted to investigate the killing effect of terpenoid-rich fractions on promastigotes of L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER). Material and Method: The eluates of reverse phased medium pressure liquid chromatography (RP-MPLC) of the extract were subjected to thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and categorized into six final fractions. Primary proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) spectroscopy confirmed fractions' nature. Fractions 4, 5, and 6 (F4, F5, F6) were identified as terpenoid-rich content. Two concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/ml were prepared to test leishmanicidal activity. Followed by treating promastigotes of L. major by the fractions in incubation times of 12, 24, and 48 hours, their viability was determined using a cell proliferation MTS ((3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay. Result: F4, F5, and F6 showed significant killing activity on promastigotes of L. major in a concentration-dependent manner. The viability of promastigotes was significantly reduced at a concentration of 100 μg/ml compared to 50 μg/ml (P-value <0.05). Also, over time a significant decreasing trend in the viability of promastigotes confirmed the time-dependent manner of the fractions (P-value <0.01). Furthermore, F5 had the highest leishmanicidal activity at the first incubation time compared with other fractions. Conclusion: Terpenoid-rich fractions of the P. abrotanoides have a leishmanicidal activity that depends on time and concentration. Among them, F5 has the highest potency that may contain potent terpenoid constituents.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression pattern of tenascin in ameloblastoma, odontogenic keratocyst, and dentigerous cyst. Materials and Methods: The expression of tenascin was evaluated in microscopic slides of 42 paraffin blocks including 12 ameloblastomas, 15 odontogenic keratocysts, and 15 dentigerous cysts by immunohistochemistry. The expression of tenascin was examined in stroma, epithelium-connective tissue interface, and epithelium of the lesions by two pathologists semiquantitatively. Results: Stromal expression of tenascin was higher in ameloblastomas than other groups. All the paired groups showed significant differences except comparison of odontogenic keratocysts and dentigerous cysts. Epithelial-mesenchymal interface expression of tenascin was significantly higher in ameloblastomas and odontogenic keratocysts than dentigerous cysts. All the paired groups showed significant differences except comparison of odontogenic keratocysts and ameloblastomas. Expression of tenascin in epithelial cells of ameloblastomas was focal whereas in odontogenic keratocysts and dentigerous cysts negative immunoreactivity was reported. Conclusions: Expression of tenascin in these lesions suggests that it could play a role in epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. Higher expression of tenascin in ameloblastoma, can explain immaturity of its stroma and aggressive nature of this lesion compared with other studied groups. Moreover, higher expression of tenascin in epithelial-mesenchymal interface of odontogenic keratocyst compared with dentigerous cyst reveals its more immature and aggressive nature and high rate of recurrence.

Background: Self-care applications are effective in the control and treatment of disease symptoms. Today, the mobile phone is used as one of the tools that can help us in this regard. The present study attempts to develop and evaluate a functional self-care mobile-phone application for patients with skin and hair problems using treatment protocols of herbal medicine. Materials and Methods: This study is a descriptive-applied type. At first, a questionnaire was prepared for data need assessment and also to determine the data items and required capabilities of the application. Based on the results, an application was designed using the Java programing language in the Android software environment. In the next step, the application was installed on the mobile phones of several specialists and patients, and the necessary corrections were made. Then, the final version of the application was evaluated. Results: The most critical data elements of the mobile application for skin and hair patients included the application's functionality, temperament survey, and clinical information. After considering users' feedback, the screen functionality, the application's information and idiom, and overall functionality of the application were evaluated and approved by the users. Conclusion: By and large, the developed application could help the patients to receive the best and high-priority treatment protocols based on their own temperament.

Background: Ocular trauma is one of the most common causes of hospitalization in patients with ocular injuries. It imposes many direct and indirect physical and psychological costs on the patient and the community. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive cross-sectional and retrospective study includes all patients with ocular trauma who underwent surgery in the referral center's ophthalmic operating room for 10 years. A checklist was completed for each patient, including demographic information and the variables required for the study. A total of 927 patients who underwent eye surgery due to ocular trauma were eligible for the study. All descriptive data were reported as the mean plus standard deviation for quantitative variables and distribution tables and frequency percentage for qualitative variables. Inferential tests such as independent t-test and Chi-square test were used to evaluate the research questions. Results: This study showed that most ocular traumas occur at a young age and mostly in males. The types of trauma in the studied eyes were divided into penetrating and non-penetrating in different age groups. The results showed that the most common type of surgery was corneal laceration repair, and in all patients, visual acuity improved significantly after surgery. In this study, a total of 81% of patients underwent only one operation. Conclusions: Training and caring for children and adolescents about high-risk behaviors and educating industry professionals to wear goggles, and increase workplace safety can reduce these types of trauma.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the status of social support in people with drug abuse and its relationship with social health in patients referring to addiction treatment centers in Isfahan. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in Isfahan addiction treatment centers in 2019–2020. The study population was the total number of people with drug abuse in Isfahan addiction treatment centers that 300 people with substance abuse and 300 people as control group were included. Social support and social health questionnaires were distributed among the participants. The Keez Social Health Questionnaire, designed in the United States in 2004, is about daily life and the social environment and measures social health. Another questionnaire was the social support of Sherbon and Stewart (MOS). This scale was a self-report tool that measured the amount of social support received by the subject. Results: The results showed a positive, direct, and significant relationship between the dimensions of social support and social health in the group of patients with drug abuse (P < 0.05). Comparison of social support and its dimensions in the two control and affected groups showed that the scores in the healthy group were significantly higher than the affected group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the level of social support and social health in people with substance abuse is less than other people in society, and to improve the social health of people with substance abuse, more social support should be provided.

Background: It is difficult to approach the Trigeminal Ganglion (TG) and Meckel's cave (MC) during surgeries. Therefore, the exact knowledge of the relationship of surgical landmarks to related anatomical structures is vital to reduce the associated postoperative morbidity. The aim of the present study was to enhance the knowledge of the surgical anatomy of structures that are present in the conduit of all surgical approaches to TG and MC, their distances from surrounding neurovascular structures, and their variations. Material and Methods: The study was carried out on 40 embalmed cadavers (Eight Female) of the anatomy department of a teaching hospital in Central India. Meticulous dissection of cranial fossae was done to locate TG, MC, and related anatomical structures. All distances from TG and MC were measured using an electronic digital calliper. Results: Length, width, and thickness of TG were 15.39 mm, 4.39 mm, and 2.54 mm, respectively. The distance from zygomatic arch, the lateral end of the petrous ridge, arcuate eminence, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum to MC was 26.10 mm and 37.94 mm, 16.46 mm, 4.54 mm, and 11.23 mm, respectively. The sixth, fourth, and third cranial nerves were 6.26 mm, 4.94 mm, and 2.53 mm from MC, respectively. The MC was 42.72 mm and 33.87 mm anteromedial from posterior and anterior limits of the sigmoid sinus. Conclusion: Findings of the present study will aid surgical planning and decide the approach to TG and MC and avoid surgical complications.

Background: Many studies in the past have evaluated the role of immune system boosters in the treatment of leishmania major infection. Protein A (PA) is one of the structural components in peptidoglycan cell wall of gram-negative bacteria such as staphylococcus aurous which functions as a stimulator in the cellular immune system. The present study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of PA on the recovery of leishmania major infection. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 24 female Balb/c-infected mice. The experimental group received PA at a dose of 60 mg/kg for four weeks. There was no intervention for the negative control group; the third group received the solvent of PA and sterile H2O; and the positive control group received Amphotericin B at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight. At the end of the treatment period, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was performed to determine parasitic burden, and the size of the lesions was measured by caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. Results: Results showed that PA did slightly decrease the wound spread and growth but not to an extent that can be considered statistically significant. Also, differences in cycle threshold (Ct) values between the treated group and the untreated group was not impressive. Conclusions: Although findings showed that PA isn't such a good candidate for leishmania treatment, it may still be suitable for therapies that use multiple drugs in combination to speed up the healing of leishmaniosis, an issue that merits evaluation in future studies.

Background: Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) is a common household plant with needle-like leaves and white flowers that belongs to the family Lamiaceae and has various medicinal properties including ailments of hair and scalp, cardiovascular, nervous disorders, etc., In the current work, we have focused on formulation and evaluation of 1% hair lotion incorporated with methanolic extract of R. officinalis. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of the plant were extracted with methanol and then the nature of phytochemicals were identified by chemical tests. It showed the presence of proteins, amino acids, fats and oils, steroids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, volatile oil, and vitamins. The extract was formulated to a suitable hair lotion and then evaluated for its various quality control parameters. Finally, the lotion was evaluated for hair growth promoting activity on C57BL/6 mice, using water as control and 2% minoxidil hair lotion as standard. Results: It was observed that the formulated 1% herbal hair lotion passed all the evaluation parameters and showed a significant hair growth promoting activity than the standard drug-treated animals. Conclusion: Although several researches have been carried out on the rosemary, an investigation on formulation of hair lotion adding the extract of the aerial part of the plant is for the first time. Since our formulation exhibited an excellent activity, it can be well thought out to be an alternative to the commercially available hair growth promoters with a lot of unwanted effects.

Background: Controversy remains about the positive role of music during general anesthesia and postoperative recovery. We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that intraoperative exposure to classical music reduces the propofol necessary to maintain the bispectral index (BIS) close to 50 during vitrectomy surgery. Materials and Methods: This double-blind clinical study is evaluating 50 patients undergoing vitrectomy surgery under general anesthesia. Patients were randomly assigned to music and white noise groups, and relevant sounds were played to patients after induction of anesthesia. The two groups were compared for the use of propofol as an anesthetic to maintain a BIS near 50 and for postoperative pain, anxiety, nausea, and vomiting. Results: Propofol consumption to maintain the set BIS score was much lower in the music group than in the white noise group (78.72 ± 25.76 microgram/kg/min and 117.91 ± 36.78 microgram/kg/min, respectively, P-value = 0.000). Postoperative pain scores were also much lower in the music group than in the white noise group (P-value = 0.000) and anxiety levels between these two groups did not differ (P-value = 0.870). No patient in the music group had complaints of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) compared to six patients in the white noise group (P-value = 0.011). Conclusions: Listening to music during general anesthesia for vitrectomy surgery can reduce the use of anesthetics, postoperative pain, and PONV. Further, controlled studies are necessary to confirm our results.

Background: Shoulder pain is considered as the most important and relatively common postoperative cholecystectomy complications that often controls in recovery room by systemic narcotics that may have some side effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of premedication with oral tizanidine on shoulder pain relief after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Materials and Methods: In this double-blinded clinical trial, 75 adults of American Society of Anesthesiologist physiologic state 1 and 2 scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia were selected and randomly divided in three groups of T, P, and control groups. Ninety minutes before the induction of anesthesia, patients received either 4 mg tizanidine (T group), 100 mg pregabalin (P group), or orally in 50cc or the same volume of plain water as a placebo (control group). Then, the vital signs, pain intensity, and the need for analgesic were measured during 24 hours and then compared in the groups. Results: There was no significant difference in patient characteristics, with respect to age, weight, gender, and duration of anesthesia and surgery between the groups (P > 0.05). The pain intensity and need for analgesic were significantly lower in tizanidine and pregabalin groups than the control group (P < 0.003) vs (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in vital signs characteristics between the groups. Conclusion: Oral administration of 4 mg tizanidine and 100 mg pregabalin 90 minutes before laparoscopic cholecystectomy significantly relive postoperative shoulder pain and analgesic consumption without any complication.

Background: Emergence agitation (EA) is one of the complications following anesthesia in pediatric surgery. Various drugs are used to prevent this complication, and one of them is dexmedetomidine. Choosing the right dose of this drug for the best efficiency is an important issue due to this complication.The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the prophylactic effect of intravenous dexmedetomidine in different doses in preventing EA after tonsillectomy in children. Materials and Methods: Our study was a double-blind clinical trial performed on 75 children ASAI, II candidates for tonsillectomy. Patients were divided into three groups. The group 1 received a dose of 0.6 μg/kg per hour and group 2 received a dose of 0.3 μg/kg per hour and group 3 was the control group. Then vital signs and observational pain score (OPS) and pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium (PAEDS) criteria were measured in patients. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 23 and non-parametric tests such as Friedman, Mann-Whitney. Results: According to the data analysis, mean blood pressure, mean heart rate, OPS and PAEDS score in group 1 were lower than other groups. Also, the average time of staying in recovery and extubation in group 1 was less than other groups. Conclusion: A dose of 0.6 μg/kg dexmedetomidine has a better effect on reducing EA (emergence agitation) after pediatric tonsillectomy.

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is one of the most common bacteria in nosocomial infections. Inappropriate usage of antibiotics has led to expanding emergence resistance to A. baumannii as a multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain. Empirical antibiotic therapy is necessary to evaluate the resistant gene pattern of MDR A. baumannii. For this purpose, the present study evaluated the resistance genes pattern of MDR A. baumannii collected from hospitalized patients using a genotypic diagnostic technique. To find evidence related to the study objectives, databases were searched such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus from 2000 to 2022, with specified keywords in the title and text of the articles. Articles were included based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mentioned database displayed 284 articles. After screening, 65 eligible articles were included. The results showed that various b-lactamases genes, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) genes, and pump-expressing genes are resistance gene patterns in MDR A. baumannii isolates. MDR A. baumannii has significantly become resistant to b-lactams, carbapenems, and aminoglycosides.

Background: Stationary cycling is the popular, preferred, and convenient form of exercise. During exercise, autonomic modulation is seen which can be assessed by heart rate variability (HRV). The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in HRV during mild-intensity cycling exercise. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was done on 20 healthy male volunteers with the age (35.44 ± 4.12), height (71.12 ± 11.98), and weight (161.23 ± 11.65), BMI (27.12 ± 3.49) attending various YOGA sessions in AYUSH OPD. Volunteers underwent an exercise program at the mild intensity of 30% to 50% of maximal heart rate on a stationary cycle for 20 min. HRV was recorded by the HRV mobile unit Dynamika Machine at rest, every 5 min (4×) over 20 min and during the recovery period. Repeated measures of analysis of variance with post-hoc analysis with Bonferroni and Holm's multiple comparisons. Results: Significant change was observed in mean heart rate and time domain parameters. Frequency domain parameters that showed significant change were total power, High Frequency- HF (ms²), Very Low Frequency -VLF (ms²), Low Frequency -LF (ms²), and Very Low Frequency %-VLF (%). Conclusions: The HRV parameters conclusively point towards cardiac parasympathetic withdrawal and sympathetic dominance at the initiation of exercise. With the progression of exercise, the sympathetic influence is retained. In the recovery period parasympathetic reactivation gains control over heart rate as well as HRV. The HRV response to exercise challenges may be helpful in designing exercise programs based on variations in the autonomic response.

Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are two major types of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed in the innate immune system compartments, in charge of identifying a wide range of microorganisms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of TLR-2, -7, and -8 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of UC patients as a novel non-invasive primary inflammation sensor for monitoring the clinical course of UC candidates. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, total RNA was extracted from the PBMC of 42 UC patients along with 20 healthy donors. The mRNA levels of TLR-2, -7, and -8 were assessed using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain (qRT-PCR) reaction. Results: The present research study demonstrated no significant changes in TLR-2 mRNA expression in UC patients in comparison with the control group (P = 0.1264), whereas significant elevation (P = 0.0008) was distinguished in the TLR-7 expression of UC participants specifically during the remission course compared with healthy donors and flareup patients (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0063, respectively). The last selected TLR, TLR-8 was not shown remarkable changes either between UC patients and the control group or between clinical courses of the disease. Conclusion: Here, among three nominated TLRs for predicting UC patients, TLR-7 was potentially selected according to the significant difference in mRNA expression in flareup UC patients and control donors. TLR-7 could be used as a novel non-invasive biomarker for monitoring UC patients in the active course of the disease.

Background: Considering the global prevalence of cancers and the complications of common cancer treatments, there is growing interest in using medicinal herbs to complement cancer treatments and reduce treatment's side effects. Therefore, we investigate the effect of the extract of Nasturtium on the viability of oral cancer cells. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, we prepared aqueous extract from Nasturtium leaves and human oral cancer cells (OCC-24) and normal fibroblast cells (HF2FF cell line) from a cell bank. Then the toxic effect of different concentrations of the extract on cell viability after 24–48 hours of exposure was investigated with the methylthiazol tetrazolium assay. Ultimately, the optical density was measured at 570 nm by an Elisa Reader. Analysis of inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) was also performed. The data were analyzed by paired Student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Results: Data showed that the extract had statistically significant anticancer effects in concentrations above 0.125 mg/ml for 24-hour exposure and in concentrations above 0.5 mg/ml for 48-hour exposure (p-value <0.05). Also, this extract had an adverse effect on the viability of normal cells; however, this effect occurred in high doses of the extract (p-value <0.05). Analysis of IC50 criteria indicates that with increasing time, a higher concentration of the extract is required to inhibit the viability of cancer cells. Conclusion: Because of the results, this aqueous extract can be suggested as a potential therapeutic agent in oral cancer. The best concentration of the extract was found to be 1 mg/ml.

Background: Gastric cancer is a worldwide life-threatening cancer. The underlying cause of it is still unknown. We have noticed that some cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) are up-regulated in gastric cancer. The role of these genes in gastric cancer development is not fully understood. The main aim of the current study was to comprehensively investigate CTAs' expression and function in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). Materials and Methods: A comprehensive list of CTA genes was compiled from different databases. Transcriptome profiles of STAD were downloaded from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database and analyzed. Differentially-expressed CTAs were identified. Pathway enrichment analysis, weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA), and overall survival (OS) analysis were performed on differentially-expressed CTA genes. Results: Pathway enrichment analysis indicates that CTA genes are involved in protein binding, ribonucleic acid processing, and reproductive tissues. WGCNA showed that six differentially-expressed CTA genes, namely Melanoma antigen gene (MAGE) family member A3, A6, A12 and chondrosarcoma associated gene (CSAG) 1, 2, and 3, were correlated. Up-regulation of MAGEA11, MAGEC3, Per ARNT SIM domain containing 1 (PASD1), placenta-specific protein 1 (PLAC1) and sperm protein associated with the nucleus X-linked family member (SPANXB1) were significantly associated with lower OS of patients. Conclusion: MAGEA11, MAGEC3, PASD1, PLAC1, and SPANXB1 can be investigated as prognostic biomarkers in basic and clinical studies. Further functional experiments are needed to understand the exact interaction mechanisms of these genes.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is known as the most common cardiovascular disease. The development of CAD is influenced by several risk factors. Diagnostic and therapeutic methods of this disease have many and costly side effects. Therefore, researchers are looking for cost-effective and accurate methods to diagnose this disease. Machine learning algorithms can help specialists diagnose the disease early. The aim of this study is to detect CAD using machine learning algorithms. Materials and Methods: In this study, three data mining algorithms support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural network (ANN), and random forest were used to predict CAD using the Isfahan Cohort Study dataset of Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center. 19 features with 11495 records from this dataset were used for this research. Results: All three algorithms achieved relatively close results. However, the SVM had the highest accuracy compared to the other techniques. The accuracy was calculated as 89.73% for SVM. The ANN algorithm also obtained the high area under the curve, sensitivity and accuracy and provided acceptable performance. Age, sex, Sleep satisfaction, history of stroke, history of palpitations, and history of heart disease were most correlated with target class. Eleven rules were also extracted from this dataset with high confidence and support. Conclusion: In this study, it was shown that machine learning algorithms can be used with high accuracy to detect CAD. Thus, it allows physicians to perform timely preventive treatment in patients with CAD.

Background: Biofilm production is an important virulence factor in Staphylococcus aureus. Most of the infections associated with biofilms of this bacterium are very difficult to treat using antibiotics. The present research studied the effects of the two probiotic Lactobacillus species L. casei and L. rhamnosus on S. aureus biofilm. Materials and Methods: Cell-free supernatant (CFS) extracts of L. casei ATCC 39392 and L. rhamnosus ATCC 7469 culture were prepared. The effects of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of the CFS extracts on cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), initial attachment, biofilm formation, and their ability in eradicating S. aureus ATCC 33591 biofilms were assessed. In addition, the effects of CFS extracts on expression of the genes involved in formation of S. aureus biofilms (cidA, hld, sarA, icaA, and icaR) were also evaluated through real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: CFSs of both Lactobacillus spp. significantly reduced CSH, initial attachment, and biofilm formation and eradicated the biofilms. The above findings were supported by scanning electron microscopy results. These two Lactobacillus CFSs significantly changed the expression of all studied biofilm-related genes. Expression levels of cidA, hld, and icaR genes significantly increased by 4.4, 2.3, and 4.76 fold, respectively, but sarA and icaA genes were significantly downregulated by 3.12 and 2.3 fold. Conclusion: The results indicated that CFS extracts of L. casei and L. rhamnosus had desirable antagonistic and anti-biofilm effects against S. aureus. Consequently, carrying out further research enables us to prepare pharmaceuticals from these CFSs in order to prevent and treat infections caused by S. aureus biofilms.

Coronaviruses are important pathogens in humans and animals. Two years ago, a new coronavirus was identified as the cause of pneumonia and adult respiratory distress syndrome. These viruses have many clinical features, and new features are created daily. Bell's palsy is sporadic facial nerve palsy. The main reason of Bell's palsy is not recognized. Many viruses, such as herpes simplex or herpes zosters, have been previously identified as Bell's palsy. This case report seeks to explain the occurrence of Bell's palsy in a patient infected with coronavirus. The polymerase chain reaction test of a 60-year-old woman was positive for SARS-CoV-2. Bell's palsy happened on the 2^nd day of admission to intensive care unit and recovered by the 12^th day. After ruling out other etiologies of Bell's palsy, coronavirus appears to be one of the new etiologies of Bell's palsy.

Background: As the most common complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is acute pancreatitis, researchers have paid due attention to minimize this complication using various drugs, one of which is epinephrine. Therefore, the present study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of epinephrine spray on the papilla in preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). Materials and Methods: The present double-blind clinical trial was performed on 164 patients undergoing ERCP. Patients in both groups received 50 mg rectal suppository as usual before ERCP. Then, during ERCP, epinephrine or normal saline was sprayed topically on the major papillae. After the intervention, patients were evaluated in terms of the incidence of PEP. Results: The results of the present study revealed that the incidence of PEP in the epinephrine and control groups was 2.4% and 4.9%, respectively (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the incidence of bleeding after ERCP, number of accidental pancreatic duct cannulation, the increase in vision during common bile duct cannulations, the need for precut sphincterotomy, and the number of hospitalization days (P > 0.05). In addition, the chance of developing PEP was lower and higher in patients with higher ages (odds ratio [OR]: 0.86; P = 0.030) and biliary sludge (OR: 4.97; P = 0.042), respectively. Conclusion: As compared with indomethacin alone (control group), it seems that the administration of epinephrine can be effective in reducing the incidence of PEP, although this relationship was not recognized to be significant in this study and only the age and the presence of sludge had a negative and positive relationship with the incidence of PEP, respectively.

Background: Due to the presence of platelet antigen polymorphisms, human platelet membrane glycoproteins can be identified as an alloantigen or autoantigen. The aim of this study was to determine the frequencies of human platelet antigens (HPAs)-1 to-5 and-15 in Turkmen blood donors and establish a panel of accredited HPAs negative donors as well as an HPA-typed platelet donor registry. Materials and Methods: HPA-1 to-5 and-15 typing was performed by the polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primer techniques on 80 unrelated Turkmen donors who were referred to Aq-Qala Blood Transfusion Center in Golestan Province from September 2018 to October 2019. Results: The frequencies of HPA phenotypes were determined as follows: HPA-1aa: 92.5%, HPA-1ab: 7.5%, HPA-2aa: 77.5%, HPA-2ab: 20.0%, HPA-2bb: 2.5%, HPA-3aa: 75.3%, HPA-3ab: 50%, HPA-3bb: 11.2%, HPA-4aa: 100%, HPA-5aa: 78.5%, HPA-5ab: 21.5%, HPA-15aa: 41.2%, HPA-15ab: 56.2% and HPA-15bb: 17.5%. Conclusion: Determining the genotype of HPAs that play an important role in platelet refractory can improve the management of alloimmunization due to the incompatibility of HPAs between the recipients and donors. Therefore, the registration process for national platelet donors can help patients accelerate and improve the quality of transfused platelets.

Background: It is important to synchrony the time, intensity, and respiratory signal of the phrenic nerve between the patient and the ventilator. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of switching from volume-controlled to pressure-controlled ventilation on respiratory distress and asynchrony index improvement. Materials and Methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 70 patients admitted to the intensive care unit under mechanical ventilation were included. Asynchronous evaluation was performed by examining the patient and evaluating and analyzing the graphic flow curve and ventilator pressure, which included trigger and flow asynchronous and asynchronous cycling. In the intervention group, the mode of ventilation was switched to PSIMV such that peak inspiratory pressures would be equivalent to positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in the volume-controlled mode. Finally, again at 60, 75, and 90 min, information about the ventilator and the patient's symptoms, and arterial carbon dioxide levels were sent by arterial gas sample. The asynchronous index was also recorded in both groups. Results: This study showed that the mean of variables such as height, ideal body weight, tidal volume, set rate; Sense, FiO₂, PEEP did not differ significantly between the two groups. The mean of asynchrony was significantly reduced in both control group (16.51 ± 3.35–14.51 ± 2.90; P < 0.001) and intervention group (18.26 ± 6.13–13.32 ± 5.53; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Regardless of the type and severity of the disease, switching the ventilation mode from volume-controlled to pressure-controlled can improve patient adaptation to the ventilator, especially in cases with frequent asynchrony.

Background: The present study aimed at comparing the effect of ketorolac and morphine on the pain control in patients with renal colic. Materials and Methods: The present clinical trial was performed on 272 patients with renal colic that were divided into two groups. Patients in the first and second groups intravenously received morphine at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg and ketorolac at a dose of 30 mg, respectively. Then, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate (RR), and oxygen saturation percentage (SpO2) as well as patients' pain scores before and 5, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min after the intervention were recorded and evaluated. Results: The results of this study revealed that the mean pain scores of patients before and after the intervention were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). However, patients' pain significantly relieved over time in both groups (reduce: Morphine group = 9.4 and ketorolac group = 9.09; P < 0.001). In addition, nausea, dizziness, and a decreased SpO2 in the morphine group were 5.1%, 2.9%, and 1.5%, respectively, and in the ketorolac group only dizziness was 2.2% (P > 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the efficacy of ketorolac in reducing patients' pain was not significantly different from that of morphine. Therefore, considering that the occurrence of complications in the ketorolac group was lower than that of the morphine group, it can be stated that ketorolac is a safer and more reliable drug than morphine in relieving pain in patients with renal colic.

Background: This study aims to evaluate the risk of hypothyroidism (HT) after radiotherapy (RT) of breast and supraclavicular in patients with breast cancer (BC). Materials and Methods: In a historical cohort study, the records of all patients with BC who had been referred to the Mahdieh radiotherapy Center of Hamadan from 2017 to 2019 were reviewed. Demographic characteristics, clinical information, previous and current used treatment methods (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy), number of RT sessions and doses, and HT (TSH >5 mIU/L) were extracted from the patient's documents. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. Results: Out of 304 patients referred to the Center, 266 patients were investigated. The mean TSH was 6.3 ± 7.9 ml/L (1.5 to 65.4). Approximately half of the patients were in Stage 2 of the disease. 37 (16.4%) patients were diagnosed with HT, of which 8.8% were clinical, and 7.5% were subclinical. The mean total dose of HT patients (5621.62 ± 491.67) was significantly higher than other patients (5304.76 ± 937.98). 21 patients (56.8%) in Stage 3 and 4 and 16 (43.2%) patients in Stages 1 and 2 had HT (P = 0.006). Spearman correlation coefficient showed that there was a significant relationship between total dose and TSH hormone (r = 0.624), the number of RT sessions with TSH hormone (r = 0.237), and total dose with T4 hormone (r = -0.232). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the risk of HT increases significantly in patients with BC who undergo RT of breast and supraclavicular. Patients with higher stage, more radiation, and more RT sessions are at higher risk of HT.

Background: Bacterial superinfections are one of the crucial challenges in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that are associated with a high mortality rate. The current study was designed to assess bacterial superinfections and antibiotic management in COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU). Material and Methods: Seventy-three adult intubated patients with COVID-19 were included in a cross-sectional study. The lung aspirate samples were collected in two stages and assessed for bacterial growth by standard methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer method as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guideline (2021 edition). Also, demographic and clinical data were collected. The statistical analysis was done by chisquare test and Student's t-test, and a P value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Forty men and thirty-three women with a mean age of 64.78 ± 13.90 have included in our study. The mean length of hospitalization and stay in ICU were 18.77 ± 12.94 and 13.51 ± 9.83 days, respectively; 84.9% of cases died. Thirty-three patients had a bacterial superinfection mainly caused by Klebsiella spp and Acinetobacter spp; 21.2% of piperacillin/tazobactam consumers' patients survived that; the differences were significant (p = 0.034). A significant relationship was seen between superinfection and length of hospital stay until intubation (p = 0.033). Conclusion: Bacterial superinfection and mortality rates were relatively high in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU. According to the results, using beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors antibiotics in hospitalized patients in ICU can effectively control superinfection.

Background: Immune checkpoints are molecules that act as regulators of immune system pathways. However, some tumor cells can express the ligands of immune checkpoints to escape from antitumor immune responses. Some agents, such as antibodies, can inhibit these checkpoints that prevent the immune system from targeting and killing cancer cells. The aim of this study was to express a novel bispecific tandem scFv in periplasmic space of Escherichia coli for simultaneous targeting of two immune checkpoints, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Materials and Methods: The bispecific tandem scFv was constructed based on the variable regions gene of anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. The optimum codon for expression in E. coli was chemically synthesized and subcloned in periplasmic expression plasmid. After transformation, the effect of cultivation conditions on periplasmic expression of the protein in E. coli BL21(DE3) was evaluated. Then, the bispecific tandem scFv was purified and its binding ability to cells expressing PD-1 and CTLA-4 was evaluated. Results: Expression of tandem scFv with a molecular weight of 55 kDa was verified by Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting analysis. The best condition for soluble periplasmic expression was obtained to be incubation with 0.5 mM isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside at 23°C. The protein was successfully purified using affinity chromatography with a final yield of 4.5 mg/L. Binding analysis confirmed the bioactivity of purified the tandem scFv. Conclusion: This bispecific tandem scFv could be a potential candidate to cancer immunotherapy, although more biological activity assessments are still required to be carried out.

Background: Following personalized medicine and the development of e-publishing, a large number of case report–dedicated journals have emerged. But the lack of integrated guidelines is a major obstacle to the quality of this evidence. The purpose of this study is to analyze the reporting requirements of case report–dedicated journals to update and strengthen the CARE guidelines. Material and Methods: Quantitative and qualitative research approach has been done using the content analysis method. All case report–dedicated journals were selected from Scopus (54 out of a total of 68 journals). By referring to these journals' websites, all the contents of the authors' guideline section and two sample articles were examined as a unit of analysis. Quantitative data includes frequency and percentile; qualitative data was conducted through open coding, creating categories, and abstraction. Results: 51% of journals are related to Elsevier and Hindawi publications. 14.8% of journals have been launched in the form of companions. 52% of journals endorse the CARE guidelines. Among the CARE elements, title, consent form (100%), discussion, abstract (94.4%), and introduction (90.7%) had the most frequent elements, and timeline and patients' perspective had the least repetition in the authors' guideline. Also, 19 new reporting elements and 27 types of case reports were identified. Conclusions: Improving the reporting and content quality of case reports is very important to benefit from knowledge synthesis services. Medical journals publishing case reports should follow a more integrated process. An updated version of reporting guidelines needs to be available for publishers and editors of journals.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death among patients in developed countries. The patients' prognosis depends on the trauma-induced primary damage as well as the secondary brain damage, including electrolyte disturbances. Therefore, prevention, diagnosis, and timely treatment lead to better prognosis. Herein, the aim is to prognosticate about the mortality in patients with TBI through serum osmolarity at admission. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 141 patients with TBI were assigned through convenience sampling. The level of serum osmolarity was examined once the patients were admitted to emergency department and later, the outcome was recorded. Finally, we analyzed the relationship between osmolarity level and patient outcome in age groups. Results: The mean serum osmolarity in the age group of under 18 years, 18 to 60 years, and more than 60 years was equal to 295.3 ± 10.02 mOsm/L, 297.2 ± 6.5 mOsm/L, and 301.6 ± 7.6 mOsm/L, respectively (P-value <0.001). Osmolarity with a cut-off point of more than 298.90 and sensitivity and specificity of 70.49 and 62.86, respectively, had appropriate diagnostic value for predicting mortality in these patients (P-value <0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, serum osmolarity can have an appropriate diagnostic value in predicting mortality in patients with TBI. In addition, in different age categories, the osmolarity serum in the mortality of these patients was significantly different. Therefore, due to the high importance of serum osmolarity in the mortality of patients, careful monitoring of fluid therapy status of trauma patients should be implemented to prevent the development of hyperosmolarity for the patient with irreversible outcomes.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important comorbidity in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients considering its high prevalence. We aimed to figure out the relationship between CKD and COVID-19 mortality in this study. Materials and Methods: In total, 116 CKD patients (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] lower than 60 mL/min/1.73 m²) and 147 control subjects confirmed with COVID-19 were studied. Data regarding demographics, sign and symptoms, laboratory findings, and chest computed tomography were collected. Association between CKD and in-hospital mortality were analyzed using logistic regression models adjusted for confounders. Results: Mortality rate was significantly higher in CKD than non-CKD (30.17 vs 4.76, P < 0.001) COVID-19 patients. Multivariate logistic regression showed that CKD was significantly correlated with in-hospital mortality in the total sample (Odds ratio (OR) = 8.64, confidence interval (CI): 3.67–20.35) and gender subgroups (females: OR = 4.77, CI: 1.38–16.40, males: OR = 13.43, CI: 3.85–46.87) (P < 0.05) of COVID-19 patients in the crude model. Whereas, the correlation did not remain significant in the fully adjusted model in the total sample (OR = 1.70, CI: 0.35–8.19) and gender subgroups (females: OR = 1.07 CI: 0.06–19.82, males: OR = 0.87, CI: 0.07–10.33) (P > 0.05) of COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: This study suggested an independent association between CKD and in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients. Therefore, more intensive surveillance of COVID-19 patients with CKD is to be warranted.

Background: The hypo-perfusion of the kidneys can lead to impairment in renal function and induce renal injury in case of delayed diagnosis and treatment. To date, laboratory markers are routinely used to determine the fluid volume status of the patients. The current study aims to evaluate the values of inferior vena cava (IVC) collapsibility index in hypovolemia diagnosis among critical patients admitted at the intensive care unit (ICU). Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed on 67 patients admitted to the ICU due to acute kidney injury from May 2018 to October 2019. Hypovolemia was assessed assessing IVC collapsibility using ultrasonography. Laboratory data, including urine osmolality, urine-plasma creatinine ratio, sodium excretion fraction and urinary sodium level were checked. Afterward, IVC collapsibility index was measured for each patient using ultrasonography and the values of this index in accordance with the mentioned criteria was evaluated. Accordingly, reciever operating curve was depicted. Results: There was no significant asosociation between IVC collapsibility index with fractional excretion of sodium (P = 0.69), urine Na (P = 0.93) and urine osmolality ([P = 0.09]), while urine: Plasma creatinie ration revealed a significant association with IVC collapsibility index at cut point of 40.5% with sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 44% (P = 0.017, area under the curve: 0.67, 95% confidence interval: 0.551–0.804), respectively. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, IVC collapsibility detected via ultrasonography was not an appropriate index to figure out hypovolemia in ICU patients. Furthermore, detailed studies are recommended.

Background: The seniors' lifestyle is an important public-health issue. Hence, assessing the association of cell phone use as a rapidly spreading technology on older adults' lifestyle can be useful for planning prevention and health-promotion policies. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2020 to March 2021 in Isfahan Comprehensive Health Care Centers to investigate the impact of cell phone use on the lifestyle of the elderly. The Cell-Phone Over-Use Scale and the lifestyle checklist were the assessment tools employed for this purpose. Results: Of the 300 participants with a mean age of 67.93 ± 5.14 years, 46% were male and 54% female. The average value of cell phone usage score was 47.88 ± 26.56, which was categorized into low 36%, moderate 41%, and overuse 23%. A positive and significant correlation was reported between the level of cell phone use in males (β =10.711, [0.95 confidence interval {CI} =4.262–17.160]) and people who have used a substance or opium in the past year (β =10.819, [0.95 CI = 3.677–17.961]). The present results found no significant association between cell phone use patterns and age, level of education, body mass index, television time, sports time, smoking in the past year, marital relationship, and living alone. Conclusion: In this study, we demonstrated a correlation between cell phone use and some demographic and lifestyle variables, namely sex and drug abuse.

Recently published researches show that 59% of all transmission came from asymptomatic transmission and at the time of diagnosis health-care workers (HCWs) tend to present without respiratory symptoms. These evidences have raised questions on whether an essential policy for use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is the best approach in HCW and other people or not. Therefore, this study conducted to investigate the effectiveness of using face masks and PPE in reducing the spread of COVID-19 in health-care and non-health-care settings. This systematic review and meta-analysis study was prepared according to the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis statement and guided by meta-analysis of observational studies recommendations. Searches in databases were conducted from December 2019 to July 2021. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to investigate the effect of using face masks and PPE on spread of COVID-19. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using Cochran's Q test and the I² metrics. In total, 9920 individuals from 14 studies were included in this study. In all settings, application of PPE or any type of masks was associated with reduction in risk of COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.29, 0.65]; I² = 85.21%). In the HCW subgroup, the protective effect had a combined OR of 0.33 (95% CI: (0.15,0.73), I² = 82.61%). Six studies were found protective effects of wearing mask in non-HCWs (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: (0.31, 1.06), I² = 85.63%). Results suggest that there is association between face mask/PPE use and reduction of COVID-19.

Background: Different techniques have been introduced to reduce the complications of nasotracheal intubation. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of nasotracheal intubation complications in finger-guided and conventional methods. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind randomized trial study, 70 patients who were candidates for oral and maxillofacial surgery who required nasal intubation were included in the study finally of which 33 patients with conventional method and 35 patients with finger-guided tubes in the nasopharynx were analyzed at the end of the study. Variables such as success rate, hemodynamic response, and complications of intubation were compared between the two groups. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of hemodynamic response to intubation (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of success in tracheal intubation (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of epistaxis immediately after intubation (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of nasal turbine fractures (P > 0.05). However, the frequency of submucosal intubation in the conventional method was significantly higher than the other group (P = 0.02). Conclusion: Nasotracheal intubation using the finger guiding technique in the nasopharynx is associated with a higher success rate and less complications after intubation such as epistaxis and submucosal intubation compared to the conventional method.

Background: The roles of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in breast cancer and breast lymphoma by transfecting EBV DNA have been indicated in different studies, but few investigations have been conducted on its roles in recurrence of breast cancer. Here, we aimed to evaluate the roles of EBV in recurrent breast cancer tissue. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional retrospective study that was performed in 2020–2021 in Isfahan on patients with breast cancer. The study population consisted of 30 tissue samples from recurrent breast cancer and 30 samples from nonrecurrent breast cancer. We collected demographic data of patients including age using a checklist. Other collected data were type of cancer, stages of cancer, tumor size in greatest dimension, lymph node involvements, and presence of metastasis. Furthermore, we evaluated all of the pathology samples from both groups for the presence of DNA of EBV and compared the data of both groups. Results: The DNA of EBV was positive in 8 patients of the relapsed group (26.6%) and 7 patients in the nonrelapsed patients (23.3%). There was no significant difference between two groups regarding positive DNA of EBV (P = 0.39). There were no significant differences between two groups of positive DNA of EBV with and without recurrent breast cancer regarding type of cancer (P = 0.63), stage of cancer (P = 0.19), tumor size in greatest dimension (P = 0.31), mean lymph node involvement (P = 0.27), number of lymph node involvement (P = 0.43), and metastasis (P = 0.69). Conclusion: EBV might have no significant role in recurrence of breast cancer.

The climatological parameters can be different in various geographical locations. Moreover, they have possible impacts on COVID-19 incidence. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review article was to describe the effects of climatic variables on COVID-19 pandemic in different countries. Systematic literature search was performed in Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and PubMed databases using (“Climate” OR “Climate Change” OR “Global Warming” OR “Global Climate Change” OR “Meteorological Parameters” OR “Temperature” OR “Precipitation” OR “Relative Humidity” OR “Wind Speed” OR “Sunshine” OR “Climate Extremes” OR “Weather Extremes”) AND (“COVID” OR “Coronavirus disease 2019” OR “COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2” OR “Novel Coronavirus”) keywords. From 5229 articles, 424 were screened and 149 were selected for further analysis. The relationship between meteorological parameters is variable in different geographical locations. The results indicate that among the climatic indicators, the temperature is the most significant factor that influences on COVID-19 pandemic in most countries. Some studies were proved that warm and wet climates can decrease COVID-19 incidence; however, the other studies represented that warm location can be a high risk of COVID-19 incidence. It could be suggested that all climate variables such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, precipitation, solar radiation, ultraviolet index, and wind speed could cause spread of COVID-19. Thus, it is recommended that future studies will survey the role of all meteorological variables and interaction between them on COVID-19 spread in specific small areas such as cities of each country and comparison between them.

Background: The present study aimed at investigating the topical effect of the combination of Plantago ovata and vinegar on the improvement of rural cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions. Materials and Methods: The present randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial was performed on 42 patients with rural skin leishmaniasis. In the case group, in addition to injecting glucantime into the lesion according to the latest national instructions, a combination of P. ovata and vinegar was applied topically twice a day for 8 weeks. In the control group, only glucantime injection into the lesion was performed for 8 weeks according to the latest national guidelines. At the end of the 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 8^th, and 12^th weeks after the intervention, the lesion area and improvement were evaluated and recorded. Results: The results of the present study indicated the lesion area in the case group with the mean of 0.35 ± 0.39 cm and 0.18 ± 0.27 cm in the 8^th and 12^th weeks, respectively was significantly less than that of the control group with the mean of 0.64 ± 0.78 cm and 0.56 ± 0.44, respectively (P < 0.05). Twelve weeks after the intervention, 84.1% of the lesions in the case group and 65.9% of the lesions in the control group were completely improved (P < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the improvement of leishmaniasis lesion with the topical application of the combination of P. ovata and vinegar was significantly more than that of the control group in the 8^th and 12^th weeks after the intervention.

Background: Health-care workers (HCWs) are in the frontline for fighting the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and are at higher risk of acquiring the infection. Therefore, the defining immunity status among HCWs helps mitigate the exposure risk. In this study, we investigated the anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) and also the associated risk factors in the HCWs working in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences COVID-19 referral hospitals. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, demographics, COVID-19 symptoms during the past 2 weeks, and health-care details were collected from 200 consenting health workers of COVID-center-hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences from 23 October to 21 December 2020. The recombinant SARS-CoV2 nucleocapsid protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based IgM, and IgG antibody tests were evaluated. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and independent-t-student tests, and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: One hundred and forty-one women and 59 men with a mean age of 36.4 ± 7.77 years participated in the study. IgG Ab and IgM Ab were positive in 77 (38.5%) and 12 (6%) of samples, respectively, and both antibodies were detected in 9 (4.5%). Higher ages, direct contact with the patients with COVID-19, muscle pain, loss of taste and smell, fever, and cough were the factors associated with antibody seropositivity against SARS-CoV2. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the prevalence of HCWs with antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 is relatively high in Isfahan University referral hospitals. The development of safety protocols and screening and vaccination strategies in the frontline HCWs must be implemented to reduce the burden of infection.

Background: Endotracheal intubation is employed to create a safe airway in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The relatively high prevalence rate of unplanned displacement of the endotracheal tube (ETT) can be associated with serious complications. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a newly designed tube holder in Iran (Irafit), the Thomas ETT holder and the traditional method using adhesive tape. Materials and Methods: The present manikin-based study was performed on the human mannequin. For this purpose, the mannequin was first subjected to oral intubation by a skilled emergency medicine specialist. Then, three methods of adhesive tape, Irafit-ETT holder, and Thomas-ETT holder were used. The mean of displacement in width of the mouth, length of the ETT, and depth as well as ETT removal was recorded. Results: The results of the present study revealed that the displacement in depth was significantly less in the Irafit-ETT holder as compared with the other two groups following the application of a tug (P < 0.001). The displacement in the length of the ETT with and without the application of a tug was significantly less in the Irafit-ETT holder and Thomas-ETT holder groups as compared with the adhesive tape group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be stated that both ETT holder devices (Thomas vs. Irafit) were not distinct in terms of displacements in length and width; however, the Iranian model was more successful in minimizing the displacement in depth.

Background: Nasal polyp (NP) is the most common benign tumor that can cause nasal obstruction and more annoying problems in patients. Recently, investigators have been focusing on complementary therapies alone or in conjunction with endoscopic nasal and sinus surgery. However, given the association of Vitamin D (VD) deficiency and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) in previous studies, it may be possible to prevent the recurrence of NP and the development of rhinosinusitis by controlling serum levels of VD and maintaining it at a normal level. The current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of VD supplementation in preventing CRSwNP recurrence after endoscopic surgery. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial composed of vitamin D deficient patients with CRSwNP who were candidates for endoscopic sinus surgery in two groups of cases and controls. After endoscopic sinus surgery for all patients, we administered VD supplementation (50,000 IU) once a week for 8 weeks for cases and no further intervention for controls. The severity of symptoms was assessed using Sino-nasal outcome test (SNOT-22) and NP recurrence and recorded pre- and postintervention. Results: The findings indicated a higher mean change of SNOT-22 in the case group compared to that of the control group (36.03 ± 10.71 vs. 29.90 ± 11.99; P = 0.041). Moreover, the percentage of NP recurrence in cases was lower than controls; so that receiving VD supplementation has significantly reduced the chance of NP recurrence (odd ratio [95% confidence interval]: 0.298 [0.099–0.900]; P = 0.032). Conclusion: According to the result of the study, the administration of VD supplementation after endoscopic sinus surgery can reduce the severity of CRSwNP symptoms and NP recurrence significantly.

Background: The studies reported that chemokines Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) have tumor-promoting roles in breast cancer (BC). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks of continuous aerobic exercise (AE) on chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 and their relative receptors in animal model of human BC. Materials and Methods: BALB/c mice were divided randomly into four groups included cancer control (CC) and three other groups. The total duration of the experiment was 14 weeks, including 2 weeks of familiarization of mice with treadmills and three of 4-week periods of experiment. Tumor inoculation and formation were performed in the second 4-week period. Group 1 received AE in the first 4-week, Group 2 received AE in the second 4-week and Group 3 in the third 4-week. Results: The CCL2 was reduced significantly in Groups 1, 2, and 3 compared to control (F_3,12 = 4705, P = 0.0001). In terms of CCL5, a significant decrease was seen only between Group 3 and control. Western blot results showed a significant reduction in C-C chemokine receptor Type 2 (CCR2) between Group 1 versus CC and Group 2 versus CC (F_3,20 = 1.812, P = 0.004). In terms of C-C chemokine receptor Type 5 (CCR5) a significant decrease was observed between Group 2 versus control and Group 3 versus control (F_3,20 = 273.3, P = 0.042), (P = 0.004). Conclusion: It can be concluded that 4-week AE significantly reduces the chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 and their respective receptors levels CCR5 and CCR2 in different stages, and it may have an inhibitory effect on tumor growth.

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common obesity-related disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of pioglitazone on NAFLD in morbid obese patients. Materials and Methods: This is a randomized controlled trial study that was performed in 2020–2021 on 44 patients who had grade 3 NAFLD. At the beginning of the study, we collected the following data: age, gender, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBS), lipid profile, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and the total size and volume of the liver and the left lobe of the liver. Patients in the control group were given a special diet. For patients in the treatment group, pioglitazone 15 mg tablets were administered twice daily for 4 months. Results: At the beginning of the study, all patients in both groups had grade 3 of NAFLD. After the treatments, 50% of the pioglitazone group had grade 1 NAFLD, and 50% of other patients had grade 2 that showed significant improvements in patients (P < 0.001). We also found significant improvements in the following items in the intervention group: liver size (P < 0.001), size of the left liver lobe (P < 0.001), FBS (P = 0.036), ALT (P = 0.011), and BMI (P < 0.001). No significant improvements were found in the control group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The use of pioglitazone for 4 months resulted in improvements in fatty liver stage, liver size, BMI, FBS, and lipid profile. These data show the effectiveness of pioglitazone in NAFLD.

Background: Considering the importance of psychological interventions for adults who stutter (AWS), the present study compared the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy (CBGT) and Mindfulness and Acceptance Group Therapy (MAGT), in combination with Speech Therapy (ST) in AWS. Materials and Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted with 36 AWS in Tehran and Alborz provinces in Iran from September-2019 to September-2020. Participants were assigned to CBGT + ST and MAGT + ST groups. Outcomes variables, the fear of negative evaluation scale (FNE) and the social avoidance and distress scale (SAD), were measured at four stages: (1) pretest, (2) after MAGT/CBGT, (3) after ST, and (4) at 6-month follow-up. Results: The results of repetitive measure-analysis on variance showed that CBGT + ST and MAGT + ST were significantly effective (P = 0.001 and P = 0.003) on SAD. The same analysis showed that CBGT + ST was significantly effective (P = 0.001) on FNE. The results of Analysis of Covariance showed that there was no significant difference between CBGT + ST and MAGT + ST on SAD but CBGT + ST was more effective than MAGT + ST at stage 3 (P < 0.05) on FNE. Conclusion: Data indicated that CBGT + ST and MAGT + ST were both effective for SAD of AWS. Regarding FNE, unlike MAGT + ST, CBGT was effective either alone or in combination with ST for AWS. Further studies are needed to confirm the results of this study.

Delirium is a syndrome with an acute onset that is accompanied by fluctuation and is associated with behaviors that indicate impaired consciousness and cognition. It is common and costly and is associated with severe functional decline and distress in an adult. However, its detection and diagnosis are so challenging in children. Herein, we report a 2-year-old girl who was admitted in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with pneumonia and was intubated because of respiratory failure. She needed a lot of benzodiazepine and opioid drugs to be sedated. During hospital course after extubation, she developed by agitation and restlessness and dissociation from environment. Electroencephalography was done and diffuse generalized slow wave was observed. Finally, by environmental factors' correction, benzodiazepine decreasing, and risperidone administering, she became well and discharged. Delirium should be considered as an important, underdiagnosed, and common condition in the PICU. It should be considered in altered cognition, consciousness, and circadian rhythm disturbance situation in children.

Background: Epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in the regulation of gene expression and genetic information. DNA methyltransferases are a family of enzymes that methylate DNA at the promoter region of the gene which can significantly contribute to gene silencing and carcinogenesis. In addition, histone deacetylation leads to gene silencing and tumorigenesis. Our previous work indicated that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can induce its apoptotic role through down-regulation of HDACs. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 5'-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (FdCyd) and sodium butyrate on the genes of intrinsic apoptotic pathway (BAX, BAK and APAF1, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL), p21, p27, and p53 gene expression, cell viability, and apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B, SMMC-7721, and HA22T/VGH cell lines. Materials and Methods: The Hep3B, SMMC-7721, and HA22T/VGH cells were cultured and treated with FdCyd and sodium butyrate. To determine cell viability, cell apoptosis, and the relative gene expression level, MTT assay, flow cytometry assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were done, respectively. Results: Both compounds induced significant cell growth inhibition and cell apoptosis significantly (P < 0.0001). Sodium butyrate up-regulated the BAX, BAK, APAF1, p21, p27, and p53 and down-regulated Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL significantly in all three cell lines. Similar results were observed in the Hep3B, and SMMC-7721 cell lines treated with FdCyd. It has no significant effect on p53 gene expression in HA22T/VGH. The expression of the other genes in this cell line was similar to other cell lines. Conclusion: Both compounds induced their roles through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway to induce cell apoptosis.

Background: Due to the high prevalence of addiction in society and the need to its attention, various methods are used for addiction withdrawal. The side effects of some methods restrict their use and increase the risk of recurrence. One of the Iranian useful methods is consumption of opium tincture (OT) that may cause brain structure and memory defects. Hence, this study aimed the effects of different doses of OT on memory and hippocampal neurons with the use of an antioxidant such as various concentrations chicory. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 70 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 10 groups and the effect of various doses of chicory extract and OT were assessed on memory by the passive avoidance test. The neurons and astrocyte cells numbers in dentate gyrus were investigated, using histological examination. Results: In passive avoidance test, the total time in dark compartment was significantly more in groups with 100 and 75 μl OT compared with control and normal saline groups (P < 0.001). Traffic number results showed that there was a significant difference between T100 and control groups (P > 0.05). Moreover, initial latency time was significantly shorter in groups with 75 and 100 μl of OT compared with control and normal saline groups (P < 0.05). However, the presence 250 mg/kg of chicory increases granular layer thickness of dentate gyrus and number of neurons. Conclusion: The use of 250 mg/kg of chicory extract may be promising strategy for inducing neurogenesis and this dose could prevent neural damage.

Background: The present COVID-19 pandemic is a major threat worldwide. Health professionals being within the front line of the COVID-19 outbreak response are at the highest risk of getting infected. Such pandemics are always associated with ill effects on mental health also. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study included all the health care professionals working in the Jumbo COVID Care Center, Mumbai. Details of health care professionals were obtained from the authority of Jumbo COVID Care Center, Mumbai. Amongst 350 health care professionals, 285 responded (Response rate: 81.42%). A questionnaire, consisting of 19 structured, self-administered, and closed-ended questions, was employed online, and information regarding age, gender, profession, etc., was collected. It was then tabulated and subjected further to an analysis. Results: Most health care professionals (96.1%) were aware that COVID-19 is not only affecting physical but mental health too, also posts on social media (86.3%) are affecting mental health more than the actual disease. A total of 95.8% agreed that health care/frontline workers are at the highest risk and felt the need for psychiatrists in the present pandemic. (81.4%) They were also worried thinking about elderly people with comorbidities in their homes. (82.1%). Conclusion: From the present study, it can be concluded that the present pandemic is affecting not only physical but mental health also, and there is an increased need for psychiatrists and mental health care professionals to overcome the same.

Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that is relatively common in the distal extremities. Primary SS of bone is an extremely rare finding. Here in this report, we present a 44-year-old male patient referred with bone and later bone fracture that was finally diagnosed with primary SS of thumerus. So far, 13 documented cases of primary SS of the bone have been reported. The current case is the second known case of primary SS of humerus. Our case was treated with both neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapies associated with surgical tumor removal and prosthesis implantation. Follow-up of the case demonstrated significant remission but with late metastasis and subsequent advanced chemotherapy regimens.

During the current SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, some reports were presented based on those nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids may exacerbate symptoms in COVID-19 patients. According to this, we aimed to collate information available in published articles to identify any evidence behind these statements with the aim of helping clinicians on how best to treat patients. We could not find published conclusive evidence for or against the use of NSAIDs in COVID-19 patients. Meanwhile, there appeared to be some evidence that corticosteroids may be beneficial if utilized in the early acute phase of infection, however, conflicting WHO (World Health Organization) evidence surrounding corticosteroid use in certain viral infections means this evidence is not conclusive. Given the current availability of literature, caution should be exercised until further evidence emerges surrounding the use of NSAIDs and corticosteroids in COVID-19 patients. However, the availability of reliable information for clinicians and patients is paramount.

Background: Candidiasis is one of the prevalent fungal infections caused by the genus Candida. The clinical manifestation ranges from mucocutaneous colonization to disseminated and fatal infections such as candidemia. Diabetes mellitus is one of the significant predisposing factors for this fungal infection. Candida spp. may release many exoenzymes such as phospholipase to debilitate the immune system and facilitate adherence and invasion of the fungus to the host cells. The aim of the present study is evaluation of phospholipase activity of Candida species isolated from candidemia and gastroesophageal candidiasis (GEC) among diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: Eighty-three Candida isolates were evaluated for enzyme activity by phenotypic (the precipitation zone around the colonies) and molecular methods (detection of phospholipase genes using duplex polymerase chain reaction with specific primers). Results: Eight out of eighty-three clinical isolates (9.6%) were negative for phospholipase production. All phospholipase producers among candidemia and GEC isolates were categorized in high production group. Conclusions: Our findings revealed no differences in phospholipase activity among isolates obtained from different body sites (blood, oesophagus and stomach); however, non-albicans Candida species had less phospholipase activity.

Non-healing diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the main complications in diabetic patients. This case reported a 65-year-old male with a neuropathic ulcer in the right foot came to Ahwaz Wound Clinic after the wound had not healed with routine treatments. In addition to the routine treatment program, we used tropical ozone therapy and autohemotherapy (blood ozone therapy) for 2 months. Zinc supplementation (50 mg) was also administered daily during the treatment. The DFU was clearly healed with diminishing inflammation and wound closing, and there were no side effects. Additionally, the C-reactive protein level was obviously decreased during the treatment indicating effective suppression of infection. This way indicates a helpful new intervention approach to the treatment of DFU.

Background: Asherman syndrome is a controversial issue in obstetrics and gynecology without any consensus on its management and treatment. It is characterized by variable lesions inside the uterine cavity and also causes menstrual irregularities, infertility, and placental abnormalities. The study aimed to assess the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) effect in women with intrauterine adhesions by evaluating the improvement of the menstrual cycle and intrauterine adhesion (IUA) stage. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 60 women with Asherman syndrome in two groups of 30. For the first group, only hormone therapy was performed and for the second group, hormone therapy with platelet-rich plasma after hysteroscopy. Recovery of Asherman syndrome and IUA stage was assessed at 6 to 8 weeks after hysteroscopy and compared between the two groups. Results: Our results demonstrated that there was no significant difference between demographic data in the two groups as well as the menstrual pattern of both groups before or after treatment (P > 0.05). Frequency distribution of IUA after the intervention in the PRP + hormone therapy group in grade I, II, and III were equal to 73.3%, 20%, and 6.7% and in the hormone therapy group were 53.3%, 26.7%, and 20%, respectively (P = 0.22). In addition, hypo menorrhea was observed in 33.3% of PRP + hormone therapy group and 40% of the hormone therapy group with no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.71). Conclusion: Hormone therapy with PRP compared to hormone therapy alone after routine surgical treatment had not a significant effect on the IUA stage, duration, and severity of menstruation.

Background: Psoriasis (PSO) is a common chronic autoimmune skin disease with a significant psycho-socio-economic burden. Some antidepressants (ADs) such as fluoxetine and bupropion can induce or exacerbate PSO. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between ADs history before PSO onset, and the risk of PSO induction, in Isfahan province, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this case–control study, 80 patients with PSO were selected by non-probability sampling method, and 80 healthy individuals were selected using simple random sampling. They were interviewed and medical information was recorded. Chi-square, Mann–Whitney, and Kruskal–Wallis tests for dichotomous or categorical data, and independent-sample t test for continuous data were used. Statistical significance was taken as P ≤ 0.05. Results: In this case–control study, a total of 160 individuals, 80 participants in each group, were included. The mean age of the total samples was 44.8 ± 16 years. Forty-three percent of the individuals were women. PSO familial history in the cases was significantly higher than the control group (OR = 11.94, P = 0.001). It was revealed that use of ADs by patients before PSO induction, was greater than the controls (OR = 2.78, P = 0.058). Conclusions: Past history of ADs in the cases before PSO onset, was higher than the controls, indicating a possible association between ADs and the risk of PSO induction. This study can be effective to pay more attention to the possible complications of ADs and PSO risk factors. Accurate knowledge of PSO risk factors will be useful for better management and morbidity reduction.

Background: Endotracheal intubation is the basic method of providing a safe cross-sectional airway area and the incorrect placement can be dangerous and causes complications. So this study aimed to access the diagnostic value of color Doppler epigastric ultrasound and linear probe suprasternal notch ultrasound in comparison with standard capnography in confirmation of endotracheal tube (ETT) placement after intubation. Materials and Methods: This diagnostic value study was conducted on 104 patients requiring intubation who were referred to the Emergency Department. After the intubation, color Doppler epigastric ultrasound and suprasternal notch ultrasound as well as the standard capnography were used to confirm the placement ETT. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of color Doppler epigastric ultrasound were 97.96% and 100%, for suprasternal notch ultrasound were 98.98% and 66.67%, and for combination of the both methods were 96.94% and 100% respectively that showed the significant diagnostic value in the confirmation of ETT placement (P < 0.001). The mean of elapsed time to confirm the ETT placement by the standard capnography method (17.95 ± 2.45 s) was significantly more than the two methods of epigastric ultrasound (10.38 ± 4.65 s) and suprasternal notch ultrasound (5.08 ± 4.45 s) as well as the combined method with the mean of 15.46 ± 8.31 s (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that although ultrasound is a potentially accurate, fast, and reliable method to confirm the endotracheal tube placement, but suprasternal notch ultrasound is considered to be a more appropriate diagnostic technique due to its higher sensitivity and less detection time compared to epigastric ultrasound and combined method.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 has become a public health concern with a high number of fatalities. Thalidomide can target inflammatory mediators and decrease inflammation in SARS-CoV-2. Materials and Methods: An open-label, randomized controlled trial was conducted on patients with compatible lung high-resolution computed tomography scan for COVID-19 pneumonia and moderate involvement. Childbearing-age women were excluded. A total of 20 patients in the control group receiving usual treatment were compared with 26 patients in the case group who in addition to the same regimen also received thalidomide. The primary outcome was time for clinical recovery (TTCR) and intensive-care unit (ICU) admission. Results: From April 25 to August 8, 2020, based on the inclusion criteria, 47 patients were assigned to the study. Patients receiving thalidomide had a mean TTCR of days 5.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7–10.3), as compared with days 5.3 (95% CI, 1.7–8.9) with control (odds ratio 0.01; 95% CI, −1.58–1.59, P = 0.807). The incidence of ICU admission was 27% in the thalidomide group compared with 20% in the control group (odds ratio 3.89; 95% CI, 0.55–27.4, P = 0.425). The mean length of stay in hospital in both groups was 10 days. Progressive improvement in respiratory rate, fever, and O₂ saturation during the study was seen in both groups without a significant difference between the thalidomide and control group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This study investigated the effects of thalidomide to treat moderate COVID-19 clinical outcomes. The results established that this drug regimen did not add more effect to usual treatment for moderate COVID-19 pneumonia.

Background: Low-dose ephedrine and ketamine may accelerate the onset time of action of neuromuscular blocking agents. We studied the effect of ephedrine and ketamine and cisatracurium priming on endotracheal intubation conditions and the onset time of action of cisatracurium. Materials and Methods: The study was a double-blind clinical trial performed on American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class 1 and 2 patients, who were candidates for general anesthesia. In total, 120 patients were entered into the study and were divided into 4 groups, E, K, E + K, and N. The first group was given 70 mcg/kg ephedrine (E group), the second group was given 0.5 ml/kg ketamine (K group), the third group was given the same amount of ketamine plus ephedrine (E + K group), and the fourth group was given the same volume of normal saline (control group); a single dose of 0.1 mg/kg cisatracurium was given, and intubating conditions were evaluated at 60 seconds after cisatracurium administration. Results: The mean Cooper score based on the response to laryngoscopy, the position of the vocal cords, and the movement of the diaphragm of patients in the control group with a mean of 2.53 ± 1.07 was significantly lower than in the three groups of E, K, and E + K with the means of 4.47. 1.17, 4.53 ± 1.14, and 7.63 ± 1.42, respectively (P value < 0.001). In the (E + K) group, it was significantly higher than in the two other drugs alone (P value < 0.001). The two groups of E and K alone were not significantly different from each other (P value = 0.997). The means of hemodynamic parameters were not significantly different in any of the groups (P value > 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the use of low-dose ephedrine and ketamine alone can improve intubation conditions. In addition, the combined use of these drugs not only had any Positive effect on patients' hemodynamic parameters but also greatly improved intubation conditions.

Background: Despite recognizing the traditional coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors, some secondary factors, such as opioid substance abuse, have to be considered. We aimed to assess the relationship between opioid consumption and emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) revascularization results, according to Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow and in-hospital survival outcomes in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. Materials and Methods: This case–control study was conducted on 186 patients (93 patients in each group) with acute STEMI, who were referred to Chamran Heart Center, Isfahan, Iran. Opioid addiction was diagnosed by patients' records and confirmed by conducting an interview based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4^th Edition (DSM-IV) criteria. Patients in both groups were evaluated and compared for angioplasty results based on the TIMI flow grade and in-hospital cardiovascular events and complications. Results: Ninety-one patients (97.84%) of each group were male, and opioid-addicted patients were younger than the non-opioid users (52.95 9.91 vs. 57.90 12.17, P = 0.003). Among the CAD risk factors, prevalence of dyslipidemia was significantly higher in non-opioid users, whereas cigarette smoking was higher in opioid-addicted patients (P < 0.050). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding pre- and post-procedural myocardial infarction complications as well as mortality rate (P > 0.050). Also, there were no significant differences between the opioid and non-opioid users regarding TIMI flow grading, and successful PCI rate based on achieving TIMI III was 60.21% versus 59.1% in opiate-dependent and non-opioid users, respectively (P = 0.621). Conclusion: Opioid addiction has no effects on post-PCI angiographic results and in-hospital survival outcomes in STEMI patients which undergoing emergency PCI.

Background: Magnesium oxide may be effective in renal insufficiency prevention after carboplatin therapy. We have evaluated magnesium oxide impression on the serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels plus glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in cancerous children. Materials and Methods: A group of children with different cancers (n = 18) was treated with 250 mg/day magnesium oxide supplementation (MOS) and compared with a matched placebo-treated group (n = 18). After 2 weeks, carboplatin chemotherapy started. We compared serum Cr, BUN, and GFR values before and 3 and 7 days post intervention. Results: Serum Cr and BUN were increased significantly 3 and 7 days after intervention in both the groups. Serum Cr and BUN were not statistically different between the MOS and placebo groups before the intervention and 3 or 7 days after carboplatin administration (P > 0.05). Three days after the intervention, the GFR reduced from 101.38 ± 14.67 to 90.11 ± 10.52 mL/min/1.73 m² in the MOS group. Furthermore, in the placebo group, 3 days after the intervention, the GFR was reduced from 97.5 ± 9.71 to 92.33 ± 10.61 mL/min/1.73 m². Further, in the MOS group, after 7 days of the intervention, the GFR was reduced to 84.11 ± 12.47 mL/min/1.73 m². In the placebo group, after 7 days of the intervention, the GFR was diminished to 85.38 ± 10.66 mL/min/1.73 m² (P = 0.371). Conclusion: The current study suggests that magnesium supplementation does not prevent carboplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in children with malignancies. Anyway, we propose magnesium oxide supplementation for this group of pediatrics because magnesium is an essential element for cell and tissue growth, maintenance, and metabolism.

Background: Preeclampsia, a pregnancy-specific complication, has been associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in observational studies. CMV-specific T cell response plays a major role in viremia clearance. We explored whether CMV-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) status is associated with preeclampsia in pregnant women. Materials and Methods: CMV-specific CMI was assessed using CMV-QuantiFERON (QF-CMV) assay in plasma serum of 35 women with preeclampsia as well as 35 normal pregnant controls, retrospectively. Participants were matched for gestational age in a 1:1 ratio. The proportion of reactive results, the mean value of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) level produced in mitogen and antigen tubes were compared between the cases and controls through Chi-square and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, respectively. The odds ratio and confidence interval were calculated as well. Results: No significant differences observed between demographic characteristics of the case and control groups. The QF-CMV assay turned reactive (QF-CMV [ + ]) Women with preeclampsia had lower mean IFN-γ levels in antigen tube compared with normal pregnant controls. There were no statistically significant differences in the value of mitogen tube between case and controls women with suppressed CMV-CMI were 6.3 times more likely to have preeclampsia. This result even strengthened after adjustment for age, gestational age, and gravidity. Conclusions: Our findings support an association between suppressed CMV-specific CMI and preeclampsia.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer leading to death in women. Women with multicentric breast cancer were reported more likely to have poor prognosis. Here, we decided to study and compare the frequency distribution of multicentricity in different subtypes of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that was performed in 2019–20 on medical records and breast pathology reports of 250 patients who undergone mastectomy due to breast cancer. Demographic data of all patients including age, along with other medical data such as menstruation condition, breast cancer grade, multicentricity status, stage, and expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptors were collected from medical records. Samples were divided into four subtypes of Luminal B, Luminal A, HER2 expressing, and basal-like. Results: The mean age of patients was 50.21 ± 11.15 years. Ninety-five patients (38%) had multicentricity and HER2 expressing (48.5%) and Luminal A (41.4%) were most common in patients with multicentricity. In addition, basal-like group presented with least multicentricity (13.5%) among the subtypes (P = 0.008). We also showed significant increased chances of multicentricity in Luminal B (odds ratio [OR] = 3.782) (P = 0.033), Luminal A (OR = 5.164) (P = 0.002), and HER2-expressing group (OR = 5.393) (P = 0.011). Conclusions: Taken together, we showed significantly increased chances of multicentricity in patients with HER2-expression, Luminal A, and Luminal B groups compared to basal-like group or triple negative. These results were in line with most previous studies; however, we showed higher rates of multicentricity among our population compared to some previous reports.

Background: This study investigated the feasibility of channelized hoteling observer (CHO) model in computed tomography (CT) protocol optimization regarding the image quality and patient exposure. While the utility of using model observers such as to optimize the clinical protocol is evident, the pitfalls associated with the use of this method in practice require investigation. Materials and Methods: This study was performed using variable tube current and adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) level (ASIR 10% to ASIR 100%). Various criteria including noise, high-contrast spatial resolution, CHOs model were used to compare image quality at different captured levels. For the implementation of CHO, we first tuned the model in a restricted dataset and then it to the evaluation of a large dataset of images obtained with different reconstruction ASIR and filtered back projection (FBP) levels. Results: The results were promising in terms of CHO use for the stated purposes. Comparisons of the noise of reconstructed images with 30% ASIR and higher levels of noise in rebuilding images using the FBP approach showed a significant difference (P < 0.05). The spatial resolution obtained using various ASIR levels and tube currents were 0.8 pairs of lines per millimeter, which did not differ significantly from the FBP method (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Based on the results, using 80% ASIR can reduce the radiation dose on lungs, abdomen, and pelvis CT scans while maintaining image quality. Furthermore using ASIR 60% only for the reconstruction of lungs, abdomen, and pelvis images at standard radiation dose leads to optimal image quality.

Background: Given the significance of pain control in addicted patients and the prominence of not using opioids due to patient's drug dependence, the present study aimed at comparing and evaluating the effect of intravenous fentanyl with low-dose ketamine on pain relief in patients taking methadone and suffering from limb fractures. Materials and Methods: The present double-blind randomized clinical trial was performed on 100 patients taking methadone and suffering from limb fractures. The patients were divided into two groups receiving 1 μg/kg single dose of fentanyl and 0.3 mg/kg single dose of ketamine (low-dose ketamine). Patients' pain scores and the incidence rate of complications were recorded before the intervention, and 15, 30, and 60 min after drug administration and were then compared between the two groups. Results: The mean pain score of patients 15 min after the intervention was significantly lower in the low-dose ketamine group with a mean of 2.50 ± 1.34 as compared with the fentanyl group with a mean of 7.10 ± 1.43 (P < 0.001). However, the mean pain score was not significantly different between the two groups 30 and 60 min after the intervention (P > 0.05). In addition, the incidence rate of complications was not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, low-dose ketamine as compared with fentanyl relieves pain in the mentioned patients with a faster effect and in a shorter time although no difference can be found between the pain scores of the two groups 30 and 60 min after the intervention.

Background: One of the most prominent global health threats is antibiotic resistance, leading to infection treatment failure. The first Iranian antibiotic awareness week campaign was initiated to improve the prudent use and wise prescription of antibiotics. Materials and Methods: The Isfahan antibiotic awareness campaign was held from November 30 to December 6, 2019, among two targeted populations; the general population and health-care workers by Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. In this campaign held in the main squares, streets, and a city's referral hospital, various educational methods were used to aware and sensitize the general population and medical staff about antibiotics and microbial resistance. These methods include face-to-face training, brochures, advertisement posters and billboards around the city, educational videos, social media messages, retraining for medical doctors and medical specialists, and interviewing in the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcast. Results: Two hundred and twenty general practitioners, medical specialists, and residents participated in two retraining educational conferences in Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. The mean score satisfaction of the two conferences was three from four. Nearly 2000 of the general population were under face-to-face educational programs whom after that, 83.6% had the correct answer to the questions around antimicrobial awareness. Conclusions: This campaign was an excellent experience as a pilot study with appealing issues. Further, activities are required to improve engagement with the target population and determine the impact of this campaign on antibiotic consumption and prescription behavior among the public and health-care professionals.

Background: Today, it has been shown that it is possible for right ventricular (RV) wall motion abnormalities or RV functional disorders to occur during cancer treatment. Now, considering the effect of carvedilol on beta 1, 2, and alpha receptors and its antioxidant properties, it seems that it can prevent RV abnormalities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective effects of carvedilol in preventing RV dysfunction in patients with breast cancer treated with anthracyclines. Materials and Methods: The present single-blind clinical trial study was performed on 23 patients with breast cancer that 12 of them received only the anthracycline antineoplastic doxorubicin (Adriamycin^®) chemotherapy (control group) and 11 patients received carvedilol in addition to anthracycline. To evaluate the effect of carvedilol, patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography before intervention and 2 weeks after the end of treatment with anthracyclines. Results: The two parameters of RV ejection fraction and RV fractional area change in the carvedilol group with a mean of 66.41% ± 8.10% and 51.85% ± 6.89% were slightly higher than the control group with a mean of 64.58% ± 6.83% and 50.48 ± 5.79%, respectively, which was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). In contrast, RV S wave tissue Doppler imaging (S-TDI) in the control group with a mean of 0.13 ± 0.02 m/s was significantly lower than the carvedilol group with a mean of 0.14 ± 0.02 m/s (P = 0.022). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the effect of using carvedilol as a preservative on improving RV function was seen compared to the control group, although this difference was not statistically significant.

Background: As a modifiable risk factor, nutrition plays a pivotal role in the prevention or delay of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study was aimed to investigate and compare the dominant dietary patterns in the patients with and without OSCC. Materials and Methods: This case-control study evaluated the usual dietary intake of 80 cases and 120 controls during 2019–2020 using the 117-item Food Frequency Questionnaire, with confirmed validity and reliability. Factor analysis was used to detect the dominant dietary patterns. Data analysis was done by SPSS (version 21) using the Chi-square test, ANOVA, logistic regression analysis, and independent t-test (P < 0.05). Results: Three dietary patterns were identified, including the western dietary pattern, health dietary pattern, and traditional dietary pattern. The odds ratio (OR) = 1.181 and confidence interval (CI) = 0.671 and 2.082 were found for the western dietary pattern, OR = 1.087 and CI = 0.617 and 1.914 were detected for the healthy dietary pattern, and OR = 0.846 and CI = 0.480 and 1.491 were reported for the traditional dietary pattern. No significant difference was found between the study groups in the dietary pattern and the risk of disease. This relationship remained insignificant after adjustment for the energy intake and confounding factors. Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between adherence to healthy, traditional, and western dietary patterns and OSCC. Consumption of vegetables and nuts had a protective role against the disease, but risky behaviors such as smoking and alcohol use were directly associated with the incidence of the disease.

Background: Prophylaxis could be an established strategy to potentially prevent and control infectious diseases and should be considered in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine as a prophylaxis treatment strategy in the reduction of the risk of COVID-19 among health professionals. Materials and Methods: The health professionals were randomly assigned (1:1) to the control group without receiving any hydroxychloroquine as prophylaxis and the hydroxychloroquine group receiving a weekly hydroxychloroquine dose of 400 mg up to 12 weeks. Results: A total of 146 health professionals were randomly enrolled in this study between August 11 and November 11 in 2020. Among the screened health professionals, 21 (14.6%) were infected with COVID-19 during the 12 weeks, and 14 (66.6%) out of the 21 health professionals were in the control group. Most participants with COVID-19 had mild symptoms (62%). In addition, 9.5% (n = 2) of the participants suffered from moderate disease and 28.5% were diagnosed with severe symptoms. In the hydroxychloroquine group, 5 (7.1%) and 2 (2.8%) participants were reported with mild and moderate symptoms of COVID-19, respectively, and 2 participants had moderate, 8 (10.9%) participants had mild symptoms, and 6 (8.2%) participants had severe symptoms in the control group, within 3 months. Severe symptoms of COVID-19 were not observed in the hydroxychloroquine group. Conclusion: This study addressed the effect and benefit of hydroxychloroquine administration for the prevention of COVID-19 among health professionals. The improved perception of prophylaxis might highlight its important role in future COVID-19 outbreaks to prevent hospital transmission, which is a major route of spread.

Background: Considering the preventative effect of various medications on such complications after surgery, the present study evaluated the effect of two different dexmedetomidine doses on the prevention of nausea and vomiting in discectomy surgery. Materials and Methods: The present controlled, double-blind clinical trial was performed on 135 patients that were candidates for discectomy surgery under spinal anesthesia, which were randomly allocated into three groups. Two different dexmedetomidine doses of 0.2 and 0.5 mcg/kg/h were intravenously administered using an infusion pump for 10 min in the first (DEX-0.2 group) and second (DEX-0.5 group) groups, respectively, with the third placebo group being used as a control group. Hemodynamic parameters, the severity of nausea and vomiting, and the incidence of complications were evaluated and recorded up to 24 h after surgery. Results: The results of the present study revealed that, 20 min after the intervention, the severity of nausea and vomiting in the control group (with the mean of 1.95 ± 1.58) was significantly higher than that of the DEX-0.2 and DEX-0.5 groups with the means of 1.52 ± 1.11 and 1.27 ± 0.99, respectively (P = 0.010). In addition, no significant difference was found between the two dexmedetomidine doses in terms of the severity of nausea and vomiting (P > 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, a low dose of dexmedetomidine may be a more preferable choice as a preventive drug in the incidence of nausea and vomiting in discectomy surgery due to its lower complications, further reduction of nausea and vomiting, and more desirable hemodynamic stability.

Background: The present study was to compare the professional quality of life (ProQOL) and its association with the emotional well-being among the physicians and nurses in contact with COVID-19 patients in Iran and France. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 903 nurses and physicians in contact with COVID-19 patients in Iran and France.he subjects completed their demographics online and then answered questions addressing their job stress and emotion associated with their contact with COVID-19 patients and ProQOL. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using the SPSS software (ver. 25). Results: According to the results of the present study, the degree of contact with COVID-19 patients had a significant role in compassion satisfaction, burnout, and compassion fatigue, with the coefficient effects of 0.459, 0.688, and 0.433, respectively (P < 0.05). The emotional well-being had a significant role in increasing compassion satisfaction (B = 0.505, P < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, factors such as contact with a COVID-19 patient, emotional well-being, gender, and marital status had a significant effect on dimensions of ProQOL in both Iran and France. Considering that the entire focus of the physicians and nurses is on the health of COVID-19 patients and they have no concentration on improving their emotional state, it seems that supporting them in terms of psychological self-care and considering its indirect impact on the quality of professional performance are of particular significance.

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are recognized as two common health problems. Metabolic diseases, such as dyslipidemia, obesity, and hypertension are known risk factors for NAFLD. In addition to these risk factors, other risk factors have been recently suggested, such as thyroid dysfunction. Materials and Methods: In this study, adult patients with T2DM were recruited. Various clinical and biochemical parameters including thyroid function tests, liver function tests, and liver sonography in all participants were assessed and compared between with and without NAFLD groups. Results: Data from 926 diabetic patients were analyzed; of which, 744 (80.3%) had fatty liver. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in patients with NAFLD was 11.6% and in patients without NAFLD was 6.0% (P = 0.029). Furthermore, the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism was higher in diabetic patients with NAFLD (3.9% vs. 1.6%); this difference was not statistically significant. In univariate logistic regression analysis, hemoglobin A1c (odds ratio [OR]: 8.13); history of insulin consumption (OR: 5.35); duration of diabetes (OR: 2.20); family history of diabetes (OR: 2.85); history of antihypertensive drug use (OR: 2.14) as well as SCH (OR: 2.03) were significant variables for NAFLD. According to the multivariate logistic model, after eliminating the confounding effect of age, sex, and body mass index; the chance of developing NAFLD in patients with SCH was 2.32 times higher than patients without SCH (P = 0.014). Conclusion: NAFLD is extremely common in patients with T2DM. The relationship between hypothyroidism and NAFLD is independent of other risk factors.

Background: Totally extraperitoneal (TEP) hernia repair surgery is one of the recently considered hernioplasty methods. Here, in the current study, we aimed to compare the results of TEP hernia repair surgery in the two groups of general anesthesia and spinal anesthesia. Materials and Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial that was performed in 2018–2019 in Isfahan on 106 patients undergoing TEP inguinal hernia repair. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. The first group underwent TEP inguinal hernia repair surgery under general anesthesia and the second group of patients underwent TEP inguinal hernia repair surgery under spinal anesthesia. Data regarding surgery duration, intensive care unit admission, pain of patients, mean of analgesic injections after the surgery, and complications such as urine retention, seroma, and hematoma, and wound infection were collected. Data were compared between two groups. Results: We found significantly higher duration of surgery in the spinal anesthesia group (P = 0.02). Patients in the spinal anesthesia group had shorter duration of nutrition regime beginning (P = 0.002) and lower frequencies of urine retention (P = 0.001). Further analysis showed that the mean pain severity was significantly lower in spinal anesthesia group compared to general anesthesia during postoperation measurements (P = 0.001) and patients in spinal anesthesia group received less postoperation analgesics compared to the other group (P = 0.001). Conclusion: TEP surgery under spinal anesthesia was associated with better clinical results such as lower postoperative pain and analgesics injections compared to general anesthesia.

Background: In this study, the effects of methadone and naloxone on the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene have been evaluated in human non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cell line migration using in-silico and in vitro techniques. Materials and Methods: Lung cancer A549 cell cultures were stimulated for 24 h with methadone (5, 10, and 20 μM) and naloxone (20 and 40 μM) concentrations. The level of TLR4 expression was determined by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Migration of the A549 cells was investigated after a 4-h incubation period with methadone using the Boyden Chamber assay. Results: Migration rate of the A549 cells treated with 5 (P < 0.05) and 20 (P < 0.01) μM methadone was, respectively, increased and decreased with 20 μM naloxone (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the TLR4 expression was enhanced with 5 (P < 0.05) and 20 (P < 0.01) μM methadone and decreased with 20 (P < 0.05) and 40 μM naloxone (P < 0.01). In addition, in silico docking analysis revealed docking of methadone to MD-2 and TLR4. Conclusion: According to the present DATA, methadone affects the TLR4 expression. It may however cause adverse consequences by increasing the TLR4 expression. Therefore, the useful analgesic properties of methadone should be separated from the unwanted TLR4-mediated side effects.

Background: The aim of the study is to explore the risk factors of mortality for hospitalized patients in three designated hospitals in Isfahan province. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted on all positive coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 patients admitted to Khorshid, Isabn Maryam, and Amin hospitals in Isfahan province. The demographic, clinical, laboratory, and outcome data of patients who were died or discharged from February 24, 2020, to April 18, 2020, were extracted from patient's medical records. Results: Overall 1044 COVID-19 patients were included in this analysis. Based on the findings of this study, older age (≥65 years) (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 2.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13–3.76), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) history (aHR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.09–5.83), white blood cell (WBC) counts more than 10 × 10^3/L (aHR: 3.05; 95% CI: 1.42–6.55), Hb level <13 gr/L (aHR: 2.82; 95% CI: 1.34–5.93), bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (aHR: 2.02; 95% CI: 1.12–3.64) at admission, development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (aHR: 1.87; 95% CI: 1.01–3.47), and intensive care unit (ICU) admission (aHR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.04–4.18) during hospitalization were risk factors for in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19. Conclusions: Multiple factors were found related to the severity and death among COVID-19 patients. We were found that older age (≥65 years) with COPD history, high level of WBC, low level of Hb (<13 g/L), bilateral pulmonary infiltrates at admission, development of ARDS, and ICU admission during hospitalization were identified as risk factors of death among COVID-19 patients. More related studies are needed in the future.

Background: Climate change can facilitate the expansion of leishmaniasis and create the suitable habitat for vector and reservoir species. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) at the climatic regions of Iran. Materials and Methods: The literature search was conducted to identify all published studies reporting the prevalence or incidence of CL in humans in Iran. A total of 350 articles that reported leishmaniasis in Iran were retrieved, due to eligibility criteria, only 42 studies were selected to the final systematic review and meta-analysis procedure. Random effects meta-analysis was done with the estimate of heterogeneity being taken from an inverse-variance model. Subgroup analysis was conducted and it stratified the studies according to climatic regions. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed by using I² and Cochran's Q method I² value of heterogeneity. Meta regression was used to investigate factors potentially contributed the between-study heterogeneity. Results: Individual studies showed that prevalence per 100,000 population estimated the range from 1.5 to 318.7 with the overall random pooled prevalence of 83.3 (95% confidence interval 74.5–92.1). Subgroup analysis by climatic regions showed that many studies were conducted in the desert areas and also, it has more prevalent than the other climatic regions. Conclusions: Leishmaniasis was more prevalent in regions with dry and desert climates than the other climatic regions. One of the advantages of this work is that the majority of selected studies have been conducted on population-base. However, some of the studies have been designed poorly or have had a lack of internal validity.

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a critical complication of diabetes mellitus. This study evaluates whether administration of conditioned medium from kidney tubular cells (KTCs-CM) has the ability to be efficacious as an alternative to cell-based therapy for DN. Materials and Methods: CM of rabbit kidney tubular cells (RK13; KTCs) has been collected and after centrifugation, filtered with 0.2 filters. Four groups of rats have been utilized, including control, DN, DN treated with CM, and sham group. After diabetes induction by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight) in rats, 0.8 ml of the CM was injected to each rat three times per day for 3 consecutive days. Then, 24-h urine protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Scr) have been measured through detection kits. The histopathological effects of CM on kidneys were evaluated by periodic acid–Schiff staining and the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) 29a and 377 by using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression of aquapurin-1 (AQP1) protein was also examined by Western blotting. Results: Intravenous injections of KTCs-CM significantly reduced the urine volume, protein 24-h, BUN, and Scr, decreased the miRNA-377, and increased miRNA-29a and AQP1 in DN treated with CM rats. Conclusion: KTCs-CM may have the potential to prevent kidney injury from diabetes by regulating the microRNAs related to DN and improving the expression of AQP1.

Background: Endothelial function plays a critical role in cardiovascular homeostasis. Morbid obesity is associated with an enhanced risk of atherosclerosis and chronic inflammation. Bariatric surgery (BS) is a promising method used recently for weight loss; however, the number of studies that have examined the effect of BS on endothelial function is limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between endothelial function evaluated by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and weight loss after BS. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Isfahan, Iran, and included 40 healthy obese individuals who underwent BS as an intervention group and 40 healthy obese patients who did not undergo BS as a control group in a 6-month follow-up duration period. FMD as an indicator of endothelial function was evaluated in these participants. FMD <7.1% is considered abnormal. Results: There was no significant difference between control and BS groups in terms of age and body mass index (BMI) at baseline. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of FMD in the BS group pre- and post-intervention were 12.95 ± 6.90 and 37.65 ± 13.52 respectively and the mean ± SD of FMD in the control group were 15.88 ± 6.85 and 15.85 ± 5.83. The association between significant weight loss after BS and FMD was strongly significant (P < 0.001). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that BS has been effective in terms of improving the FMD as an indicator of endothelial function.

Background: Single-chain fragment variable (scFv) is one of the most commonly used antibody fragments. They offer some advantages over full-length antibodies, including better penetration to target tissues. However, their functional production has been a challenge for manufacturers due to the potential misfolding and formation of inclusion bodies. Here we evaluated the soluble expression and purification of molecular chaperone co-expression. Materials and Methods: E. coli BL21(DE3) cells were co-transformed with the mixture of plasmids pKJE7 and pET22b-scFv by the electroporation method. First, L-arabinose was added to induce the expression of molecular chaperones, and then IPTG was used as an inducer to start the expression of anti-HER2 scFv. The effect of cultivation temperature and IPTG concentration on soluble expression of the protein with or without chaperones was evaluated. The soluble expressed protein was subjected to native purification using the Ni-NTA affinity column. Results: SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the successful co-expression of anti-HER2-scFv and DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE chaperones. Co-expression with chaperones and low-temperature cultivation synergistically improved the soluble expression of anti-HER2 scFv. Co-expression with chaperone also exhibited an approximately four-fold increase in the final yield of purified soluble protein. Conclusion: The combination of co-expression with chaperones and low temperature presented in this work may be useful for the improvement of commercial production of other scFvs in E. coli as functionally bioactive and soluble form.

Background: Mortality of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients is increasing in world. This study defines predictors of mortality in patients who have STEMI. Materials and Methods: This study was a part of the ST-elevated myocardial infarction cohort study in Isfahan conducted on 876 acute myocardial infarction (MI) followed for 2 years that 781 patient entered. The effect of predictors of mortality includes demographic, physiological, and clinical characterizes compared in two groups alive and died patients. MACE was defined as nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke, and atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease-related death was recorded. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. All analyses performed using SPSS 20.0. P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: A total 781 patients, 117 (13%) that 72 (8.5%) was in-hospital died. The mean (standard deviation) age of the patients was 60.92 (12.77) years and 705 (81.3%) patients were males. Significant factors that affected mortality on analysis of demographic and physiological parameters were age (P < 0.001), sex (P = 0.004), transfusion (P = 0.010), STEMI type (P < 0.001), number epicardial territories >50% (P = 0.001), ventilation options (P < 0.001), smoker (P = 0.003), and diabetes (P = 0.026). Significant clinical factors affected mortality were ejection fraction (EF) (P < 0.001), creatinine (P < 0.001), hemoglobin (P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (P = 0.019), and systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001). Multiple logistics regression model definition significant predictors for mortality were age (P < 0.001), heart rate (HR) (P = 0.007), EF (0.039), LDL-C (P = 0.002), and preangia (P = 0.022). Conclusion: The set of factors can increase or decrease mortality in these patients. Significant predictors of mortality STEMI patients by 2-year follow up were age, HR, EF, LDL-C, and preangia. It seems that more articles need to be done in different parts of Iran to confirm the results.

Background: Avascular necrosis (AVN), known as osteonecrosis, aseptic necrosis, or ischemic bone necrosis, results in the destruction of bone cells. In the present study, we aimed to report the most common causes of AVN in in patients referred to Isfahan educational and medical centers. Materials and Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study that was performed on all patients with AVN in medical educational centers in Isfahan during 2019 and 2020. We included all patients diagnosed with AVN. Patients' information including age, sex, cause of femoral head necrosis, medical history, and drug usage were collected. Finally, reliable data from 99 patients were recorded. Results: We collected data of 99 patients in this study. The most prevalent cause of ANV was corticosteroids use (32.3%), and it was more prevalent among women (51.4%); the second prevalent cause of AVN in our study sample was trauma (28.28%), and it was more prevalent among men (32.8%). Conclusion: The most common cause of AVN was corticosteroids, which was consistent with previous studies. Other main causes of AVN were traumatic or idiopathic issues.

Background: Pesticides are widely used around the world. However, these chemicals are being used more frequently and at increased doses in underdeveloped and developing countries. Although the hazard of pesticides has been studied in ecological fields, the effect of residual amounts of these compounds on the physiological processes of the body has always been debated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 45 greenhouse cucumber plants were sprayed with dichlorvos and acetamiprid pesticides in concentrations of twofold (acetamiprid 500 g/1000 L and dichlorvos 4 L/1000 L) and threefold of the recommended dose. After 24 h, the residual amount was obtained. To evaluate the residual effect of the mentioned pesticides, an equivalent of this residue was added to the drinking water of 105 mice. Results: Pesticide residues were obtained for twofold and threefold concentrations of the recommended dose, 1.5 and 2.5 (mg/kg cucumber) for acetamiprid and 0.5 and 1 (mg/kg cucumber) for dichlorvos, respectively. Application of these chemicals at higher doses not only significantly reduced the body weight, food consumption, testosterone production, testicular germ cells and embryo numbers, but also increased the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in mice. Conclusions: The emergence of biological disorders and reducing reproductive potential in male mice can be attributed to the addition of pesticides to their drinking water. Therefore, to reduce the hazards caused by insecticides, it is recommended to familiarize farmers with the harmful effects of overdose of pesticides and monitoring the residuals in agricultural products.

Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disorder presented by ascending paralysis and areflexia. The condition has been reported after many infections, but Guillain-Barré syndrome after spine surgery is rare. We, herein, present a case of Guillain-Barré syndrome after multiple spine surgeries for degenerative lumbar scoliosis. A 60-year-old woman with degenerative scoliosis underwent surgery for the third time and developed Guillain-Barré syndrome 3 weeks after the final operation. The patient received intravenous immune globulin therapy and needed mechanical ventilation and intensive care. She was discharged in good condition after 5 weeks.

Background: To organize efforts to manage the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is necessary to understand which groups are at higher risk of infection. Kidney disease seems to be substantial in COVID-19 patients, but there are limited data on COVID-19 incidence and fatality among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. In this study, we intend to examine the association between CKD and susceptibility to COVID-19 infection. Materials and Methods: Participants were selected from those recruited in a population-based cross-sectional survey of CKD prevalence and associated risk factors in Iranian people 18 years and older. A three-part questionnaire was used for COVID-19 infection clinical symptoms and epidemiologic and hospitalization data. Results: A total of 962 individuals including 403 CKD patients and 559 healthy controls were recruited in this study. Healthy controls were suffering more from common cold signs, cough, fever, sore throat, headache, anosmia, dyspnea, and abdominal pain (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, the number of healthy individuals with myalgia was marginally higher compared to the CKD patients (P = 0.057). Data regarding the number of CKD patients with/without COVID-19 infection throughout different CKD stages revealed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of COVID-19 infection in different stages of CKD (P = 0.956). Conclusion: We found that some of the clinical presentations of COVID-19 including common cold symptoms, cough, fever, sore throat, headache, anosmia, dyspnea, and abdominal pain were higher among healthy individuals compared to the CKD group. On the other hand, the susceptibility to COVID-19 infection was not significantly different in various early stages of CKD.

In this article, a 75-year-old patient with pain in left knee and restricted range of motion following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is presented. Serological evaluation and aspiration of knee joint suggested a fungal prosthetic joint infection. After the diagnosis was confirmed, treatment started with antifungal drugs, removing prosthesis, exhaustive debridement, and revision of TKA after efficient antifungal treatment. At one-year follow-up, she has a painless motion range of 10 to 90 degrees, and there was no recurrence of infection observed.

Background: One of the most common diseases of the urinary tract is stones of this system, including kidney stones. About 70%–80% of kidney stones are calcium oxalate. Oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase is a single polypeptide included of 568 amino acids which play a key role in oxalate degradation. Materials and Methods: The aim of current study is high-level expression of oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). To achieve this aim, oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase gene was cloned upon pET-30a (+) with T7 promoter. The vector containing the oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase gene was transformed into E. coli and the expression of the gene was examined on a laboratory scale and fermentor. At first, the effect of temperature, culture medium, and induction time on oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase expression at three levels was examined. Results: The obtained data showed that the highest expression was related to the terrific broth culture medium and temperature of 32°C with an inducer concentration of 1 mM. Under this situation the ultimate cells dry weight and the final oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase expression were 2.46 g/l and 36% of total protein, respectively. Then induction time was optimized in a bench bioreactor and productivity of oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase was calculated. Under optimized condition the cell density, biomass productivity and oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase concentration reached 4.02 g/l, 0.22 g/l/h, and 0.7 g/l which are one of the highest reported rates. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that high levels of oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase can be achieved by optimizing the expression conditions.

Background: Safe use of drugs such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in COVID diabetic patients needs comprehensive studies. This study addressed this issue from the Iranian perspective. Materials and Methods: Admitted COVID-19 patients were divided into four groups in this historical cohort study. Group 1 included 740 non-diabetic, non-hypertensive patients. Group 2 included 132 non-hypertensive diabetic patients. Group 3 included 154 non-diabetic hypertensive patients. Group 4 included 183 diabetic patients who were under ACE inhibitors or ARBs. Death, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and length of hospitalization were compared between the groups. Results: After considering associated factors such as age, gender, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), chronic kidney disease (CKD), history of surgery, and corticosteroid use, diabetic patients (group 2) were associated with increased mortality (CI 95%, OR 1.93 [1.11–3.33]). Presence of diabetes (group 2) and hypertension were associated with an increased need for ICU admission (CI 95%, OR 1.69 [1.04–2.76]; CI 95%, OR 1.71 [1.08–2.71], respectively). Group 4 patients although having a similar rate of ICU admission with group 2 and 3 patients, had significantly better ICU survival. Conclusions: The current study suggests that ACE inhibitors and ARBs are associated with decreased mortality, ICU admission, and better ICU survival in the diabetic subgroup of hypertensive patients.

Background: Axillary dissection in breast cancer provides useful information on the degree of axillary nodule involvement, which serves as a reliable indicator for the prognosis and staging of breast cancer in patients. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the nomogram model by combining prognostic factors and clinical features to predict the node status of preoperative breast guard positive node cancer. Materials and Methods: Subjects consisted of patients referring to hospitals with the diagnosis of breast cancer. Patients were allowed to substitute molecular subtypes with data on breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis as well as sentinel node status. The bootstrap review was used for internal validation. The predicted performance was evaluated based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. According to the logistic regression analysis, the nomograms reported material strength between predictors and final status reliability. Results: 1172 patients participated in the study, of whom only 539 patients had axillary lymph node involvement. The subtype, family history, calcification, and necrosis were not significantly related to axillary lymph node involvement. Tumor size, histological type, and lymphovascular invasion in multivariate logistic regression were significantly and directly correlated with axillary lymph node involvement. Conclusion: Nomograms, depending on the population, help make decisions to prevent axillary surgery. It seems that the prediction model presented in this study, based on the results of the neuromography, can help surgeons make a more informed decision on underarm surgery. Moreover, in some cases, their surgical program will be informed by accurate medical care and preclusion of major surgeries such as ALND.

Background: Complications or death risk factors is necessary for better monitoring and treatment. The aim of this study was to define the relative risk of toxico-clinical parameters with regard to poisoning severity and outcomes in patients with acute poisoning. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study entailed of patients with acute poisoning admitted to the poisoning emergency center of khorshid hospital, Isfahan, Iran from December 2018 until March 2019. Patients (n = 300) were categorized into four groups (minor, moderate, severe, and fatal poisoning) based on severity. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) as the estimate of the relative risk of the different variables for the poisoning severity and outcomes prediction. Results: In the minor group, opioids/opiates, alcohols, and benzodiazepines (14.7%) were the most prevalent poisoning, multidrug (23.3%) was in the moderate and severe groups and finally, pesticides poisoning (23%) was most common in the fatal group. The predictive factors for poisoning severity were pre-hospital antidote administration [OR, (95%CI); P value) [7.08 (1.77-28.34); 0.006]; loss of consciousness [4.38 (1.84-10.42), 0.001]; abnormal ECG [4.56 (1.65-12.56); 0.003]; and time interval of poisoning to admission in the hospital [1.15 (1.02-1.28); 0.01). Patients without complications was observed in 49.7% of subjects. Patients with the loss of consciousness [66.06 (2.41-180.07); 0.01); underlying disease [3.65 (1.09-12.24); 0.03]; abnormal respiration [1.14 (1.02-1.27); 0.02); have had a greater risk of complications and death. Conclusion: Important factors for poisoning severity and/or outcome were loss of consciousness, pre-hospital antidote administration, abnormal ECG or respiration, underlying disease, and delay to presentation to hospital.

A key challenge after the COVID-19 pandemic will be managing the long-term sequelae for the millions of individuals who recover from the disease. Based on the available evidence, our hypothesis is that the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and its long-term complications will lead to premature aging (in terms of health) of many people in the world. Obviously, to maintain appropriate public health and prevent poor health-care services, countries should think and plan about the health problems and the long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 after controlling the COVID-19 pandemic.

The aim of this study was to report a case of the treatment of hydatidiform mole in Coronavirus pandemic in Iranshahr. A 17-year-old primiparous woman with gestational age of 14 weeks presented with unilateral leg swelling and sudden abdominal distension beginning in the night before referring to the health center. In the abdominal examination of the patient by a healthcare provider, the baby's heartbeat was not heard and a mismatch was observed between gestational age and fundal height, which corresponded to approximately 24 weeks of gestation. She was conscious and pale with hematuria and uterine contractions. After inserting two IV lines, the patient immediately underwent monitoring and was visited by a gynecologist. Complete molar pregnancy was diagnosed with an enlarged heterogeneous uterus 180 cm × 90 cm in size and containing 170 mm × 80 mm cysts. The treatment began with vancomycin AMP, hydrocortisone AMP, oseltamivir CAP 75 mg, kaletra CAP 200 mg, and meropenem AMP.

Background: Although it is currently recommended that patients avoid solid food for 6–8 h and liquid for 2 h before cesarean section, longer restrictions still apply in many centers. Since studies on the duration of fasting before cesarean section is scarce, we aimed to investigate the effect of different fasting times before cesarean section on maternal and neonatal complications. Materials and methods: This descriptive study was performed on 405 candidates for cesarean section. These women were divided into five groups due to the length of time they did not consume clear liquid and solid food. Then, maternal and neonatal outcomes were compared using Kruskal–Wallis and Chi-square tests. Results: The rate of nausea during surgery was lower in the groups who ate solid food between 2 and 8 h and clear liquid <2 h before surgery (P = 0.04). Also, abdominal distension in the first 6 h after surgery in the group that did not eat solid food for <6–8 h and clear liquid for <2 h was more than in the other groups (P < 0.05). The prevalence of hypoglycemia was significantly lower in women who ate solid food for <6 h and drank clear liquid for <2 h (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Prolonged fasting time before cesarean section not only reduce complications but also may have undesirable consequences. The results of this study showed that it is better to use less strict measures in patients who are candidates for cesarean section and in patients with labor pains who are likely to have a cesarean section.

Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to overview the observational studies on the association of exposure to air pollution and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Materials and Methods: Based on PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases to determine the association of air pollution exposure and T1DM. Quality assessment of the papers was evaluated using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist for observational studies. The odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess the strength of the associations between air pollutants (gases and particulate matter air pollutants including PM10, PM2.5, NO2, volatile organic compound, SO4, SO2, O3) and T1DM. Results: Out of 385 initially identified papers, 6 studies were used for this meta-analysis. Fixed effects meta-analysis showed a significant association between per 10 μg/m³ increase in O3 and PM2.5 exposures with the increased risk of T1DM (3 studies, OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.26, 1.80, I² = 83.5% for O3 and two studies, OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.05, I² = 76.3% for PM2.5).There was no evidence of association between increased risk of T1DM and exposure to PM10 (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.99–1.06, I² = 59.4%), SO4 (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.91–1.49, I² = 93.8%), SO2 (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.83–1.06, I² = 85.0%), and NO2 (OR = 0.995,95% CI: 1.05–1.04, I² = 24.7%). Conclusion: Recent publications indicated that exposure to ozone and PM2.5 may be a risk factor for T1DM. However, due to limited available studies, more prospective cohort studies are needed to clarify the role of air pollutants in T1DM occurrence.

Background: As the prevalence of the coronavirus increases, there is now more emphasis on reducing “face-to-face” patient visits. Therefore, the use of smartphones and their special medical applications can play an important role in following up patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of smartphone in evaluating clinical outcomes and range of motion (ROM) of patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Materials and Methods: From January to December 2020, 112 patients between 20 and 50 years old were randomly selected at our orthopedic sports center. All patients were visited online through smartphone by a knee fellowship surgeon in the morning (case group) and again all of them were visited online through smartphone in the evening by another knee fellowship surgeon (control group). Both visits were done at regular intervals in the 2^nd, 6^th, and 12^th week after surgery. Patients were evaluated for function outcomes and joint ROM. Results: The two groups were similar in terms of mean International Knee Documentation Committee score, Lysholm knee score, and Tegner Knee Score and did not show statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) There was no significant difference in knee ROM measurements between the two groups (face-to-face visits and online through smartphone visits) during the follow-ups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Smartphone apps are highly effective in assessing postoperative condition of knee ROM after ACLR, especially in the short time. However, this ability has been reduced in evaluating the long term. Hence, evaluation is still necessary through direct examination in the presence visit.

Background: Environmental factors play a key role in the occurrence of pediatric supracondylar humerus (SH) fracture which has been widely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures taken to curb its spread. In this study, we aim to investigate the ultimate impact coronavirus pandemic has had on SH fractures in children. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study compares SH fractures which occurred during the pandemic with their prepandemic counterpart in a pediatric trauma public hospital. Patient's data, submitted from February to July 2020 and 2019, were collected and divided into two groups based on fractures' time of occurrence, i.e., during or before the pandemic. Results: There was no significant difference in terms of gender, type of fracture, injury location, and time of admission during a day between the aforementioned groups. However, in the pandemic group, patients were transferred to the operating room significantly quicker (odds ratio; 2.13 vs. 0.607, P = 0.01) and the surgery duration was shorter (40.17 ± 12.28 min vs. 49.11 ± 15.48 min, P = 0.011). It was found that the location of injury (home, school, etc.) varied between the two groups (P = 0.01) and the proportion of domestic injuries during the pandemic grew significantly (53.6% vs. 19.8%). Conclusion: Although the incidence of pediatric SH fractures has decreased due to the closure of schools and sports clubs during the pandemic, domestic occurrence of the same fracture type has grown disproportionately. To prevent this trend, pediatric centers should educate parents on child safety measures and fracture risks during the lockdown.

Background: This study aimed to compare respiratorily, arterial blood gas (ABG), and hemodynamics parameters among patients undergoing surgery who were admitted to intensive care unit (ICU), using three ventilation modes, including volume-assured pressure support (VAPS), volume support (VS), and spontaneous modes. Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirty-two patients were randomly assigned into three groups of VAPS, VS, and spontaneous modes utilizing randomized block procedure. Patients were followed between 12 and 30 h until extubation. Respiratory parameters including; peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), static compliance, resistance, rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI), and P 0.1(P0.1 correlates with respiratory drive and is defined as the negative pressure measured at the airway opening 100 ms after the initiation of an inspiratory effort), along with ABG parameters including; pH level, PaCO₂, HCO₃, PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio, extra hydrogen ion, and hemodynamics parameters including; mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were measured every 3 h and compared among groups. Results: All studied parameters in three groups improved during the study. PIP, Resistance, PH, HCO₃, extra hydrogen ion, PCo₂, PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio, mean arterial blood pressure were similar among the three groups in most of the time points (P > 0.05). In most of the time points, RSBI (from 92.7 to 55.4), P 0.1 (from 6.8 to 1.7) in the VAPS group, static compliance (from 55.3 to 55.7) in the VS group, and heart rate (from 108.5 to 90.1) in spontaneous groups were significantly better than other modes (P < 0.05). Changes in RSBI, P 0.1, PCo₂, HCO₃, and heart rate during the study were significantly different among studied groups (P < 0.05). The length of stay in the ICU in patients who underwent VAPS was significantly shorter than the other modes. Conclusions: VAPS mode with better effects or at least as effective as VS and spontaneous modes could be select as the best mode of ventilation in postoperative early extubated patients admitted to ICU.

Data on the epidemiology and the antifungal susceptibility of Candida species infections in Malaysia is still limited. The study aimed to review and compare studies reporting the prevalence of Candida species and antifungal susceptibility of Candida infections in Peninsular Malaysia. Data from 22 studies published between 2009 and 2018. Data was collected using National Center for Biotechnology Information and Google Scholar using the keywords “Candida and Malaysia.” Around 19 Candida species were identified in a total of 35,608 Candida isolates analyzed in these studies. In most studies examined, C. albicans (66.3%) was the predominant species, followed by C. glabrata (11.7%), C. parapsilosis (10.7%), C. tropicalis (9.5%), and C. krusei (1.19%). Vaginal swabs yielded the most isolates, followed by the respiratory system, urine, blood, oral, pus, and other locations. The demographic, racial, and gender data were recorded only in two studies. Totally, eight studies examined 396 isolates for antifungal susceptibility to common antifungal medications. The average antifungal susceptibility of isolates and efficacy of drugs in these studies ranged between 45 and 99% for most common antifungal drugs. Caspofungin had the highest susceptibility at 99%, whereas itraconazole had the lowest at only 45%. Overall, this review provided a comprehensive summary of all the current research on predominant Candida species in Peninsular Malaysia.

Background: Congenital infections are among the most important conditions threatening human fetal health, the majority of which are caused by viral agents. Screening pregnant women for viral infections is essential because such infections can cause serious consequences for both the mother and the infant. So, this study aimed to serologically investigate sexually transmitted viral infections in pregnant women and also find the association between the prevalence of viral infections and epidemiological parameters in pregnant women of Sari, Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, observational study was performed in pregnant women referring to Sari Birth Cohort Center between 2018 and 2020. A total of 1092 blood samples were investigated for hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) serological markers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The prevalence of HBsAg positivity, HCV, HIV, and HTLV was 0.2%, 0.09%, 0.09%, and 0.2%, respectively. The percentage of participants with CMV-IgM and -IgG antibody titers above normal was 0.2% and 91.8%, respectively. Pregnant women whose educational level was bachelor's degree or lower, those who did not use a male condom before pregnancy, or those with a family history of infectious disease were found to be more likely to have HBV, HCV, HIV, HTLV, and CMV infections. Conclusion: Family history, maternal age, pregnancy stage, and not using a male condom are among the risk factors for sexually transmitted viral infections in pregnant women in Sari.

Background: The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 emerged in 2019. Health-care systems around the world are looking for alternative prevention and treatment remedies. Herbal supplements are popular among consumers as a complementary method to prevent and treat illnesses. One of them is Sambucus nigra. Methods: We searched for related articles in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Directory of Open Access Journals using the following keywords: elderberry, S. nigra, and COVID-19. Results: Elderberry has antiviral properties due to its ability to modulate inflammatory cytokines. The current evidence suggests elderberry is appropriate for the prevention and initial treatment of viral disease. Concerns have been raised that elderberry may overstimulate the immune system, increasing the risk of a cytokine storm. There is not yet enough evidence to support this claim. Conclusions: For COVID-19 patients, further research is required since elderberry may provoke a cytokine storm if administered therapeutically.

Primary gastrointestinal small cell carcinoma is reported 0.1%–1.0% of malignant gastrointestinal tumors and predominantly in the esophagus. All reported cases are in the adult population. We present a 9-year-old boy with small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the esophagus with mediastinal lymph node involvement, whose chief complaint was progressive dysphagia. He survived for 22 months with chemoradiation but did not have resectional surgery. Although small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the esophagus is extremely rare in children, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any undifferentiated tumor of the esophagus in any age.

Background: Adoptive T-cell therapy is a promising treatment strategy for cancer immunotherapy. The ability of immunotherapy based on the adoptive cell transfer of genetically modified T cells to generate powerful clinical responses has been highlighted by recent clinical success. Techniques which are used to expand large numbers of T cells from different sources are critical in adoptive cell therapy. In this study, we evaluated the expansion, proliferation, activation of T lymphocytes, in the presence of various concentrations of interleukin-2, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and insulin. Materials and Methods: The effect of different supplemented culture media on T cell expansion was evaluated using MTT assay. The expression level of the Ki-67 proliferation marker was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, flow cytometry analysis was performed to access T cell subpopulations. Results: Our results showed that supplemented culture media with an optimized concentration of PHA and interleukin-2 increased total fold expansion of T cells up to 500-fold with approximately 90% cell viability over 7 days. The quantitative assessment of Ki-67 in expanded T cells showed a significant elevation of this proliferation marker. Flow cytometry was also used to assess the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ cells, and the main expanded population was CD3+ CD8+ cells. Conclusions: Based on these findings, we introduced a low-cost and rapid method to support the efficient expansion of T cells for adoptive cell therapy and other in vivo experiments.

Avascular necrosis (AVN) of multiple carpal bones is a very rare condition. This case report presents a patient with concomitant AVN of the lunate and proximal pole of the scaphoid that had led to severe joint space narrowing and degenerative arthritis in the radiocarpal and distal radioulnar joints (DRUJs). She was known to have thalassemia minor hemoglobinopathy. Wrist arthrodesis and distal ulna hemiresection-interposition arthroplasty (Bowers technique) for a DRUJ were offered and performed. The patient was satisfied with the clinical outcomes.

One of the most critical complications of bariatric surgery (BS), which has been widely discussed recently, is its adverse effects on the health of the bones and skeletal system. Studies show that bone mineral density (BMD) decreases significantly in the early years after BS Nutritional deficiencies are a common complication of BS that can last for months to years after surgery. For example, calcium absorption will significantly reduce after BS The role of gut hormones, endocrine factors, and adipokines in altering bone metabolism should never be overlooked. The available information and guidelines emphasize the periodic evaluation of BMD in patients undergoing BS The method of measuring BMD after BS is essential. DXA and quantitative computed tomography (QCT) are two convenient methods for measuring BMD. Many studies indicate a more detailed study of microarchitecture and cortical and trabecular bone mass with the help of QCT. The overall risk of fractures increases years after BS There are some recommendations for overcoming the adverse effects of BS on bone health. Endurance and resistance exercise after BS can help to mitigate BMD reduction and bone changes. In this review, we will explain each of these points in detail.

Background: Anbarnesa is the female donkey dung typically collected after the labor and in early springtime. Materials and Methods: The chemical composition of the smoke collected from Anbarnesa was evaluated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and its antiviral activity was analyzed based on 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: As a result, twenty-two constituents representing 97.1% of the Anbarnesa smoke could be identified. Hexadecanoic acid (29.4%), cis-9-octadecenoic acid (17.7%), and octadecanoic acid (10.8%) were the smoke's main constituents, respectively. Antiviral activity was evaluated using MTT assay. The CC₅₀ value of the compound on Hep2 and Verro cells was 2271.2 μg/mL and 5077.5 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the 50% inhibitory concentration value on adenovirus and herpes simplex type-1 was 802.55 μg/mL and >5077.5, respectively. Conclusions: it was revealed that Anbarnesa was nontoxic in 1/64, 1/128, and 1/256 dilutions, while the toxicity was detected in 1/32 dilution after 72 h. In addition, in 1/8 and 1/16 dilutions, cell toxicity was identified in the first hour.

Background: Isoprenoids and their derivatives are building blocks for the synthesis of biomolecules with important biological functions such as cholesterol in eukaryotes and lipid carrier undecaprenol, which is involved in cell wall biosynthesis in bacteria. With the global threat of multidrug-resistant bacteria, there is a need for finding new metabolic targets for killing bacteria. In the present study, we examined the impact of eukaryotic sterol biosynthesis inhibitors on the growth of four pathogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial effect of HMG CoA reductase inhibitor (simvastatin), farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitor (alendronate), squalene epoxidase inhibitor (terbinafine), and lanosterol demethylase inhibitor (ketoconazole) were studied against four pathogenic bacteria: two gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis and two gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Broth microdilution method was used for assessing the antibacterial susceptibility of the components using 96 well plats. MIC and MBC were determined visibly. Results: MIC of Ketoconazole for Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis were 0.166 and 1 mg/mL, respectively. Terbinafine had a weak inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 8 mg/mL). Ketoconazole and terbinafine had no inhibitory effect on gram-negative bacteria. MBC of Simvastatin for both Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis was 0.5 mg/mL and of Alendronate for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 6.6 mg/mL. Conclusion: Our results show that farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase and class II HMG-CoA reductases inhibitors (ketoconazole and simvastatin) have reasonable antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria. These two enzymes provide suitable targets for designing new antibiotics based on modifying the chemical structure of currently used drugs to obtain maximum activity.

Background: Renal insufficiency is one of the inevitable complications in patients with Wilms tumor (WT). The purpose of this study was to assess the renal function in children with WT at baseline and every 3 months to 2 years. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive-analytical study from 2018 to 2020, 48 children with WT were included in the study. Urine creatinine (U_Cr), serum calcium (S_Cr), blood pressure (BP), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urinary protein (U_Pro) were evaluated at baseline and every 3 months during the study. Spot U_Ca/U_Cr and spot U_Pro/U_Cr ratio were calculated. Kidney ultrasonography was used in all patients. Independent Sample t-test and Chi-square tests were utilized to compare age and sex, respectively. Results: The mean age of patients at follow-up was 7.3 years. There was no significant difference in mean U_Cr, S_Cr, eGFR, 24-h U_Pro, U_Ca/U_Cr ratio, and spot U_Pro/U_Cr ratio at baseline and end of study (P_baseline > 0.05, P_{end of study} > 0.05). Analysis of kidney size showed a statistical association with tumor stage (P < 0.05). Comparison of the kidney size in patients showed that there is a statistically significant difference (P < 0.0001) at baseline and end of the study. Conclusion: This study showed that as WT progressed, the size of the kidneys increases without any renal insufficiency. Therefore, it seems that urinalysis of patients with WT along with sonography is necessary to determine renal insufficiency and the use of ultrasound alone to determine kidney insufficiency is not recommended.

Background: Management of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in humans depends on the availability of vaccines or effective drugs. Studies have shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is responsible for binding the viral spike glycoproteins to human cells. Melittin from the bee venom of Apis melifera is a peptide with antimicrobial activities. Materials and Methods: In this study, important amino acid residues of ACE2 interacting with spike glycoproteins of the virus were described based on the ACE2-spike–glycoprotein interface. This has been previously analyzed by Robson in crystal structures of the receptors and ligands. Flexible linkers and 31 amino acid residues from N-terminal of ACE2 as coronavirus spike binding domains (SBDs) were added to 17 N-terminal amino acids of melittin (the hydrophobic motif) to construct a hybrid peptide or M-ACE2SBD. Then, secondary and tertiary structures of the peptide were predicted. Results: Docking of the hybrid peptide and coronavirus SBDs was carried out as well. Previous studies showed that toxicity and hemolytic activity of the melittin hydrophobic motif decreased in comparison to native melittin due to the lack of peptide binding to the exposed anionic lipids of the human cell membranes and hence the novel peptide can be recommended as an appropriate drug for clinical uses. Conclusion: This study has hypothesized that 17 N-terminal amino acids of the mutant melittin used in M-ACE2SBD design are potentially hydrophobic and attached coronavirus-2 through lipid envelope of the virus.

Background and Aim: The current study aimed to, first, investigate the frequency of cancer patients who receive complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), separated by the type of the disease, and second, to study their incentives and causes of use. Materials and Methods: Following a cross-sectional design, cancer cases referred to referral centers of cancer in Isfahan province were studied. Data were collected using a researcher-developed checklist that included type of the disease, complementary medicine, and causes of a tendency to use CAM. Results: A total of 256 patients were studied. One hundred and sixty-three patients (63.7%) had a history of receiving CAM. Sixty-five percent of the patients were satisfied with their CAM treatment. Patients with breast cancer had the highest prevalence of CAM use (72.2%), which was more than other types of cancers (P = 0.046). There was no significant association between the frequency of CAM use and the patient characteristics such as age, level of education, marital status, and gender (P > 0.05). Conclusion: It is evident that the majority of patients with cancer are using CAM modulates and are satisfied with it. They want to try every possible way to cure. Physicians should consider the likelihood that their patient is taking CAM and adopt appropriate strategies to address the issue.

Background: Neonatal jaundice indicates the presence of pigment in the skin and sclera. Vitamin E is an important component of the cellular antioxidant defense system. Here in the present study, we aimed to evaluate and investigate these therapeutic effects. Materials and Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial performed on 100 premature neonates. Group 1 received 10 units of Vitamin E daily for 5 days. The other group received placebo. Amount of bilirubin was measured at the time of 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after birth. Results: Mean bilirubin in Vitamin E group was increasing until the 2^nd day and then got a decreasing trend. In the control group, the increasing trend of bilirubin was going on till the 3^rd day. Mean bilirubin increased significantly during the follow-up in both Vitamin E and control groups (χ² [df] = 20.23 (1), P < 0.001). Although both groups showed an increasing trend in mean bilirubin, on the last day of follow-up, the average amount of increase was lower in Vitamin E group (5.06 ± 2.25 vs. 6.23 ± 3.98). Also in the 3^rd and 4^th days, mean bilirubin was lower in Vitamin E group. Conclusion: This study supports the usage of oral Vitamin E therapies on reducing the bilirubin levels in neonates. We also showed that this reduced trend occurs after day 3 of life, but in the follow-ups, neonates who were treated with Vitamin E had lower bilirubin levels compared to the placebo group.

Background: Helicobacter pylori (HPY) provokes gastrointestinal disorders and gastric cancer. We supposed that HPY disrupts the 25-OH-Vitamin-D3 (Vit.D3) absorption. We evaluated the association between Vit.D3 and anti-HPY immunoglobulins (Igs) and the Vit.D3 potency as a predictive biomarker for HPY infection. Materials and Methods: 603 patients' raw data were gathered from a private clinical laboratory. Anti-HPY Igs including serum IgG, IgA, and IgM, in addition to HPY-stool antigen, were assessed by the immunoassay methods. Vit.D3 was determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Correlations, ordinal comparisons, cutoff points (COP), and odds ratio (OR) were estimated. Results: The age mean ± standard deviation was 39.83 ± 18.426 for female and 38.82 ± 16.937 for male participants (P = 0.521). Significant correlations existed after age and gender adjustment between Vit.D3 serum levels and the HPY IgG (R = 0.298) and IgA (R = 0.271) but not for IgM (R = −0.103). Approximately, 48% of males and 36% of females had insufficient/deficient Vit.D3 serum levels (male/female OR: 1.65; 1.16–2.33; P = 0.0051). After age and gender adjustment, the best COP of Vit.D3 to predict an HPY IgG-positive patient was Vit.D3 >32.80 ng/mL with 66.23% diagnostic accuracy (DAAC), 30.43% specificity (SPC), and 90.41% sensitivity (SEN). For the HPY IgA, the values were Vit.D3 >37.83 ng/mL, DAAC = 60.45%, SPC = 58.82%, SEN = 64.20%. For HPY IgM, the values were Vit.D3 >37.32 ng/mL, DAAC = 58.97%, SPC = 57.33%, and SEN = 100%. Conclusions: Vit.D3 had a good association with anti-HPY Igs and may be a good biomarker for immunity competence against HPY infection if the patient's age and gender are considered when interpreting the laboratory results.

Background: In patients with β-thalassemia major (TM), one of the long-term complications of regular blood transfusion is renal dysfunction. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the renal function in TM patients receiving Exjade^® dispersible tablets and a new film-coated tablet formulation of deferasirox (Nanojade^®). Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 80 TM patients aged 11–48-year-old entered the study. Patients received 20–30 mg/kg/d (single dose) Exjade® (Exjade group, n = 40) and Nanojade® (Nanojade group, n = 40) orally. To evaluated renal function, serum creatinine (S_Cr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 24-h urine protein (U_Pro), U_Ca/U_Cr, spot U_Pro/U_Cr ratio, and serum ferritin were calculated at baseline and every 3 months to 9 months. Results: There was no significant difference in S_Cr, BUN, eGFR, 24-h U_Pro, U_Pro/U_Cr ratio, U_Ca/U_Cr ratio, and serum ferritin between groups at baseline and end of study (P_baseline > 0.05, P_{end of study} > 0.05). There was no significant difference in proteinuria between groups at baseline and end of study (P_baseline > 0.05, P_{end of study} > 0.05). Conclusions: The proportion of S_Cr, BUN, eGFR, 24-h U_Pro, U_Pro/U_Cr ratio, and U_Ca/U_Cr ratio was not significantly different in TM patients treated with Nanojade^® compared to patients' received Exjade^®. Nanojade^® had similar effects to Exjade^®, and therefore, the use of Nanojade^® is safe in TM patients and does not seem to be associated with increased renal failure, proteinuria, and hypercalciuria.

Lipoma is an uncommon mesenchymal tumor of the colon. They are typically symptom free, the large lipomas within the colon are rare, and can cause obstruction, bleeding, or intussusception. Intussusception is comparatively common in pediatrics and in adults, it could be a rare entity. Pathologic lesions are usually found with a major percentage of malignancy. This is a retrospective evaluation of an adult with an intestinal intussusception who underwent oncosurgical treatment. He was diagnosed with surgically proven intussusception. Using ultrasound and colonoscopy as diagnostic studies, colocolic intussusception was discovered. The patient underwent oncosurgical exploration. Intestinal resection with abrupt anastomosis was the procedure of choice for the patient. The etiology was benign lipoma. Adult intussusception should be evaluated in any patient with subacute abdominal discomfort with bearing in mind the high rate of malignancy and a lower rate of benign tumors. intestinal resection without reducing is highly recommended for colonic intussusceptions.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of poisoning mortality in the 5-year period of 2014–2019 in Isfahan Khorshid Hospital, Iran. Materials and Methods: This study is a cross-sectional descriptive analytical study, which was performed in 2020. The demographic and clinical data about the patients were extracted from the patients' files and were then analyzed. Results: The number of deaths due to poisoning in the study period was 264, and the mean age of the deceased was 42.33 ± 20.097. One hundred and ninety-three (73.1%) patients were male. The frequency of deaths in the poisoning ward was 0.84%. The causes of death were accidental overdose (73, 26.9%), suicide (155, 63.2%), accidental use (18, 7.3%), and homicide in one patient. The mean age, time between exposure of toxin until death and history of addiction, substance use, and suicide in men patients was significantly higher than women (P < 0.05), however, such significant results were observed in married when compared with single patients. The differences between the two genders based on the type of toxic substance were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The most common causes of death were pesticides poisoning (n = 121), especially paraquat (n = 48) and Aluminum phosphide (n = 45), and multidrug poisoning (n = 48). Conclusion: In this study, we showed that the death rate due to poisoning in our center was lower than other centers. The highest number of poisoning was in men as well as married patients. It is also recommended that more serious educational and preventive strategies should be used in this regard.

Background: Acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) is the largest subset of hematologic malignancies, accounting for approximately 70%–80% of childhood leukemia, and is most common at age 4 years. The aim of this study was to define the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in pediatric ALL. Materials and Methods: In this 11-year retrospective study, we investigated 99 patients which referred to our department due to ALL from 2010 to 2020. The age group of the patients ranged from 6 months to 14 years with a mean of 6.71 ± 4.09 years. Clinical and diagnostic findings were extracted from patients' medical records. Results: We showed cytogenetic abnormalities of 99 pediatric ALL patients, including 78 pre-B-ALL, 9 common B-ALL, and 12 T-ALL cases. The 5-year overall survival rate (OSR) and event-free survival (EFS) of all cytogenetic abnormalities (n = 99) were 48% and 43%, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the two cytogenetic abnormalities, hypodiploidy and t(9;22), with death (P < 0.05). On comparing the subjects with normal cytogenetics to the other cytogenetic abnormalities, EFS was significantly low for hypodiploidy (P = 0.0163, hazard ratio = 0.5308) and t(9;22) (P = 0.0131, hazard ratio = 0.4908), while other cytogenetic abnormalities did not have a statistically significant difference in EFS. Conclusions: Our results emphasized the importance of the cytogenetic findings in evaluating the survival outcomes, which allows identifying a variety of OSR and EFS, because some of the cytogenetic abnormalities may interfere with the death and prognosis.

Background: Obesity, Vitamin D (VD) deficiency, and infertility are important ubiquitous issue; however, the association of obesity and serum VD levels with abnormal sperm is unclear and inconclusive. The current study investigated the correlation of obesity and serum VD levels with sperm DNA integrity and sperm parameters in normozoospermia men. Materials and Methods: Semen and blood samples from 64 men were divided into two groups: obese and nonobese men based on body mass index (BMI). Sperm motility and viability were determined by computer-aided sperm analysis and eosin-nigrosin staining. DNA fragmentation, determined by sperm chromatin dispersion method. VD concentrations were assessed by the Elisa technique. Results: Serum concentration of VD levels in the obese group was significantly lower than nonobese men (P < 0.05). Sperm motility was significantly reduced in the obese group in comparison to nonobese (P < 0.05). Rapid progressive motility was statistically lower in obese men compared with the nonobese group (P < 0.05). Sperm count and morphology were not statistically significant in both groups. Sperm viability in the nonobese group was significantly decreased in comparison to obese group (P < 0.05). DNA integrity was significantly higher in the obese group as compared with nonobese (P < 0.01). Conclusion: VD deficiency in the obese group showed decreased sperm motility, increased DNA damage, and viability. Adverse consequences of obesity and the possible effect of BMI infertility treatment must be discussed with counseling couples interested in assisted reproductive techniques outcomes, especially in men without any unknown cause.

Background: Microsatellite instability (MSI) in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is considered as a diagnostic and prognostic marker. MSI is a consequence of mismatch repair deficiency which is evaluated using the different microsatellite markers on the whole genome. In this pilot study, the diagnostic value of a novel triplex panel including three mononucleotide markers has been evaluated in comparison to the standard Promega kit for MSI testing in CRC patients with Amsterdam II criteria. Materials and Methods: DNA extracted from tumors and normal Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues of index cases from 37 HNPCC (Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer) families were evaluated for MSI state. Primer design for three markers, including BAT25, ACVR2, and TGFBR2, was performed using 19 nucleotides of the M-13 phage. The instability of each marker was assessed through fragment analysis in comparison with Promega kit markers for all patients. The sensitivity and specificity of each marker have been calculated. Results: The comparative evaluation of MSI in both tumors and normal adjacent FFPE tissues demonstrated a separate sensitivity as 100%, 83.3%, and 76.9% for BAT25, ACVR2, and TGFBR2, respectively, and 100% sensitivity in the form of a triplex. Moreover, the specificity for each of these three markers in MSI testing was estimated as 100%, separately and in the form of the triplex in comparison with the Promega pentaplex standard Kit. Conclusions: A high sensitivity and specificity for the novel triplex panel in MSI-testing were estimated among Iranian patients. More studies are recommended to confirm this panel as a diagnostic kit for MSI testing.

Background: Glutamate is an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nucleus. The cardiovascular effect of glutamate and its non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the PPT is unknown; therefore, we evaluated glutamate and its non-NMDA receptor on cardiovascular parameters in normotensive and hypotensive induced by hydralazine (HLZ) in rat. Materials and Methods: After anesthesia, the femoral artery was cannulated for recording of cardiovascular parameters. Microinjection of drugs was done stereotaxically. L-Glutamate (L-Glu) and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) (an antagonist of nonNMDA receptor) were microinjected into the PPT in normotensive and HLZ hypotensive rats. Changes (Δ) of mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and heart rate (HR) were obtained and compared with the control group. Results: In normotensive rats, L-Glu significantly increased SBP and MAP (P < 0.001) and decreased HR (P < 0.01), whereas CNQX alone did not significantly effect. Coinjection L-Glu + CNQX significantly attenuates the cardiovascular effect of L-Glu (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01). In hypotension induced by HLZ, SBP and MAP significantly decrease but HR did not change. In HLZ groups, L-Glu significantly improves (P < 0.05) and CNQX deteriorated hypotension induced by HLZ (P < 0.05). Coinjection of L-Glu + CNQX also attenuates the effect of L-Glu on Δ MAP and Δ SBP. In hypotension, ΔHR induced by L-Glu was significantly higher than CNQX (P < 0.01). In L-Glu + CNQX group, ΔHR also was lower than L-Glu (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings revealed that glutamatergic system of the PPT in both normotensive and hypotension induced by HLZ plays a pressor with bradycardic responses that partly mediated by non-NMDA receptor.

Background: This study aimed to determine the current EPIYA motifs of the cagA gene in Helicobacter pylori isolates from patients with gastric disorders, and evaluate the association between these patterns and the clinical outcome of H. pylori infection in different geographical regions of Iran. Materials and Methods: We examined 150 patients with gastrointestinal disorders from the central and eastern regions of Iran. The detection of H. pylori and screening of cagA was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The pattern of the motifs was determined by PCR followed by sequencing. Results: The overall prevalence of H. pylori was 66.3% in eastern (Mashad) and 50.6% in the central (Isfahan) part of Iran. The frequency of cagA-positive strains in Mashad and Isfahan were 63.4% and 56.7%, respectively. The pattern of EPIYA motif was as follows: 43 (79.6%) ABC, 7 (12.9%) AB, 4 (7.4%) ABCC, and one (1.9%) ABCCC. We also identified a novel EPIYA C sequence motif which showed association with gastric cancer (GC). The relationship between the frequency of specific EPIYA motifs and GC was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: This is the first report for the determination of the cagA EPIYA motif of H. pylori in the Northeast and center of Iran. The prevalence of cagA positive H. pylori between the two regions was significant (P ≤ 0.05). All isolates of the H. pylori cagA were western type (ABC). The increase in the number of EPIYA-C repeats was associated with GC (P ≤ 0.01).

Background: Wrist function has a significant impact on quality of life, which is why restoring normal wrist movement after surgery is so important. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the restrictions imposed on “face-to-face” visits, using smartphones has become more important in tracking patients. The main purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of telemedicine in following up patients who had undergone distal radius fracture operation. Materials and Methods: From February to October 2020, 126 patients between 20 and 60 years old were randomly selected at our orthopedic trauma center. All patients were visited in person by an orthopedic surgeon in the morning (control group) and again all of them were visited online via smartphone in the evening by another orthopedic surgeon (case group). Both visits were done at regular intervals in the 2^nd, 6^th, and 12^th weeks after surgery. Patients were evaluated for extremity function outcomes and joint range of motion. Results: The two groups were similar in terms of mean Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation score and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score and did not show a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in wrist range of motion measurements between the two groups (in-person visits and smartphone visits) during the follow-ups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Changes in wrist range of motion after surgery can be assessed with high accuracy using smartphone applications and this method can be considered as a proper alternative to frequent in-person visits to evaluate postsurgical wrist condition.

Background: Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, and one-third of the world's population has T. gondii antibodies. Due to this issue, the aim of this study was to assess the mean prevalence and odds ratios of T. gondii infection and epidemiological features of neonatal infection worldwide. Materials and Methods: We performed a meta-analysis and systematic review of published studies reporting T. gondii infection using the PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Scopus electronic databases through January 1999 to December 2020, regarding diagnostic tests, and prevalence data of infection among the newborn population. The pooled prevalence of T. gondii with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using the random-effects models. Results: A total of thirty eligible articles were included. The estimated global prevalence rate was 44% (95% CI: 29%–0.58%); the highest prevalence rate was in America 47% (95% CI: 30%–64%), followed by Europe 41% (95% CI: 26%–57%) and Asia 33% (95% CI: 4%–61%). In this study, despite our careful analysis of possible modifiers, the heterogeneity was significant (P = 0.000). The publication bias was not significant based on the results of Egger's (P = 0.918) and Begg's tests (P = 0.230). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, T. gondii infection can be a serious concern in newborns around the world. Therefore, further research is needed to provide better strategies to screen and diagnose T. gondii infection in neonates and determine the risk factors associated with the prevalence of infection in neonates worldwide.

Background: Considering the side effects of common drugs used to treat polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), researchers have turned their attention to natural compounds, including medicinal plants. Foeniculum vulgare has estrogenic properties and has been traditionally used to treat gynecological disorders. Bunium persicum has medical aspects that have not yet been evaluated, so the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of combination therapy with these extracts on clinical symptoms of women with PCOS. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind clinical trial study, 70 women with PCOS referred to infertility clinics, were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The intervention group received B. persicum capsule 60 mg plus F. vulgare capsule 25 mg) twice daily for 4 months and the control groups received routine intervention. Before and after the intervention, levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone, progesterone, prolactin, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels, hirsutism score, and menstrual pattern were recorded and endometrial thickness and follicle count were determined by ultrasound. Data were analyzed by the SPSS21 software. Results: Treatment with B. persicum and F. vulgare extracts significantly decreased LH and DHEAS levels, hirsutism score, and significantly increased menstrual duration compared to the control group. Before the intervention, 5.7% of the intervention and control groups had the normal menstrual pattern, while after the intervention 31.4% of the intervention group and 25.7% of the control group had the normal pattern. Conclusion: Regarding the effect of these extracts combination and because they have no side-effects, which is a great advantage over chemical drugs, using of these plants recommend.

Background: Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is associated with increased mechanical load on respiratory system. Here, we aimed to investigate and evaluate the effects of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) on physical and mental status of patients with OHS. Materials and Methods: The current study is an observational study that was performed in 2020 on 50 patients with OHS in Isfahan, Iran. Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaires were also filled for all patients assessing their depression levels that were confirmed by psychiatrists. PO₂ and PCO₂ of patients were evaluated using venous blood gas (VBG) before interventions. Patients with a definite diagnosis of OHS and depression entered the study and underwent treatments with NIV. One month after the interventions with NIV, the blood gases of patients were evaluated using VBG and BDI-II, and HADS questionnaires were also filled for all patients, evaluating their depression. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 63.5 ± 13.5. The mean blood oxygen after the use of NIV in patients with OHS increased significantly (P = 0.001). The mean of carbon dioxide after using NIV in patients with OHS decreased significantly (P = 0.001). Based on the BDI-II and HADS scales, the mean score of depression after using NIV decreased significantly (P = 0.001 for both). Conclusion: NIV therapies are associated with improvements in blood oxygen and CO₂ of patients with OHS. The levels of depression also decreased after treatments that were confirmed by psychiatrists.

Background: Toxocariasis is a parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. Infective stage of this parasite for human develops on soil. So, in this work contamination of the soil of public environments in five geographical areas of Isfahan province of Iran has been investigated. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 355 soil samples were collected from parks, children's playgrounds, student dormitories, and university environments, and examined by Flotation method. The samples were then inspected using microscopic and molecular methods. Results: From the 355 examined soil samples in 77 (21.69%), and 87 (24.50%) cases Toxocara eggs were detected by microscopic and molecular methods, respectively. In the molecular method, 31 (8.70%) cases of T. cati and 44 (12.39%) cases of T. canis were identified. Conclusion: Toxocara eggs were identified in all areas of Isfahan province, although contamination rate was higher in Fereydun Shahr and Semirum counties.

Background: Cataract surgery is one of the most common eye surgeries, which is currently performed under topical anesthesia using sedative medications. Dexmedetomidine and acetaminophen are good candidates for analgesia in other circumstances, however, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine or acetaminophen infusion and normal saline (NS) alone compared with the control group on the severity of pain in cataract surgery. Materials and Methods: In this parallel randomized controlled clinical trial, the effect of dexmedetomidine or acetaminophen infusion and NS on level of pain, vital signs, recovery status, and surgeon satisfaction during cataract surgery were assessed. One hundred and thirty-five patients between the age of 50–80 years undergoing cataract surgery were recruited on a consecutive basis and randomized into three groups receiving acetaminophen (15 mg/kg), dexmedetomidine (0.5 μgr/kg), and NS. Baseline vital signs, blood pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, respiratory and heart rate at certain time-points including the start of surgery, 5, 10, and 15 min after surgery, after arrival to the recovery room, 20, 40, 60 min after recovery were measured. Pain intensity and drugs side effects were also recorded after surgery. Results: Level of respiratory depression was higher in patients receiving dexmedetomidine. Heart rate and oxygen saturation percentage had no significant differences in the three groups as well as pain intensity. Conclusions: Acetaminophen was as effective as dexmedetomidine with lower side effects and higher surgeons' satisfaction, without any interference with cardiovascular and respiratory parameters. Acetaminophen infusion should be considered as an acceptable analgesic drug for cataract surgery.

Prurigo pigmentosa (PP) is a rare skin disorder presenting as erythematous urticarial papules on the chest and leaving reticulated pigmentation. Although the etiology of PP is unknown, conditions associated with ketosis such as diabetes mellitus, ketogenic diet (KD), and anorexia nervosa are implicated. Herein, we report a 21-year-old woman who developed PP after adhering to a KD and responded to resuming a regular diet.

Background: Fecal incontinence (FI) is a common disorder that affects the psychological, social, and mental aspects in children. It was showed that the quality of life (QoL) in children with FI was in low level. Bowel management program (BMP) is one of the most effective and low-cost therapies in selected children with FI, but it has also significant effects on mental functions. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of BMP on the QoL of children with FI. Materials and Methods: In a case series study, we prospectively included all school-age children suffering from FI who had visited in colorectal follow-up center of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Patient eligibility included children with FI between 8 and 12 years who were candidate of BMP. The QoL was assessed by Persian version of pediatric QoL (PedsQL) 4.0. Results: In this study, 24 children with FI were studied. Our results showed that total QoL score is significantly different after BMP. The mean score of physical performance before and after BMP was significantly different (P = 0.02). In terms of emotional performance, the mean score of this dimension before and after starting of BMP was significantly different (P = 0.06). In terms of social performance, the mean score of this dimension before and after starting of BMP was significantly different (P = 0.008). Conclusion: BMP is a low-cost and affordable treatment that can have a significant impact on improving the QoL of the child by improving intestinal function.

Background: Melanoma is skin cancer, and the treatments are not efficient enough. Therefore, finding new drugs seems to be an essential need. Vanillin, which is extracted from vanilla seed, has anti-cancer effects by reducing nuclear factor-κB (NF). We explored the anti-tumor effects of vanillin in the melanoma model and its possible mechanism. Materials and Methods: In the MTT assay, mice melanoma cells (B16F10) were treated with vanillin (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 μg/mL) for 24 and 48 h. In an animal model, B16F10 was subcutaneously injected into C57BL/6 mice. After the development of tumors, the mice were treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg/day of vanillin for 10 days. The tumor size and expression level of NF-κB protein were measured. Results: In the MTT assay, vanillin in all concentrations significantly decreased B16F10 cell viability after 24 h incubation. The size of melanoma tumors was reduced in both doses 50 and 100 mg/kg/day in mice. NF-κB protein expression was decreased in the 100 mg/kg/day group in comparison with the control group. Conclusion: We found that vanillin by reducing NF-κB expression may have anti-tumor effects and reduced melanoma tumor size and cell viability.

Background: Due to the contradictory results of the effects of Vitamin B6 in reducing the hematotoxic effects of linezolid, the present study aimed to investigate the possible role of Vitamin B6 administration in reducing linezolid-related hematological toxicities in patients with chronic osteomyelitis. Materials and Methods: In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, patients with chronic osteomyelitis were randomly divided into two groups (n = 40 each): the intervention group received Vitamin B₆ 40 mg twice daily from the beginning of treatment with linezolid and the control group received placebo with linezolid, both for 21 days. Blood variables including hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets (PLT) were measured at baseline and at the end of the 1^st, 2^nd, and 3^rd weeks (days 7, 14, and 21) of the intervention. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the count of WBC and PLT and level of Hb at evaluated time points. Furthermore, there was a significant decreasing trend in all parameters within both groups; however, the decreasing trend of both PLT and WBC was slower in the intervention (Vitamin B6) group compared to the placebo group. Conclusion: Vitamin B6 has no significant effect in the reduction of hematological adverse effects of linezolid in chronic osteomyelitis patients. However, it could retard the decreasing trend of WBC and PLT counts.

Background: There are several methods to control pain, especially in traumatic patients with rib fractures. Intrapleural analgesia (IPA) and intercostal block methods are recommended in patients with rib fractures to control pain. Here, we aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of IPA and intercostal block on patients' clinical conditions. Materials and Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial that was performed in 2020–2021 on thirty traumatic patients with rib fractures. We collected the results of arterial blood gas in all patients before interventions including HCO3, pH, pO2, and pCO2 and also evaluated pain of patients. The first group underwent intercostal blockade with standard method with bupivacaine, and for the second group of patients, a chest tube was implanted. Patients were monitored for up to 12 h for pain intensity and need for analgesics. Results: The mean levels of HCO3 decreased in both groups after the interventions, and this decrease was more significant in patients in the intercostal blockade group (P < 0.05). The mean levels of pO2 increased in both groups after interventions, especially in patients in the intercostal blockade group (P < 0.05). The mean pCO2 levels also decreased in both groups (P < 0.05). The mean pain intensity in both groups decreased significantly after the intervention (P < 0.05) and also the mean pain intensity in the intercostal blocking group decreased significantly more than the group treated with chest tube (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Intercostal blockade through bupivacaine is more effective than chest tube administration of bupivacaine in patients with rib fractures.

Background: Hysterectomy is one of the most common gynecology surgeries. This study aimed to compare perioperative bleeding in transabdominal and transvaginal hysterectomy. Materials and Methods: This prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was performed on 80 patients undergoing hysterectomy referred to Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. Patients were divided into two groups of 40; the first group (T) received 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) for 20 min preoperatively. The second group (S) received 10 cc normal saline as placebo. Blood samples were taken before and 12 h after surgery for assessment of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count, the prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and serum creatinine as well as volume of blood transfusion. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in heart rate, diastolic blood pressure (BP), systolic BP, and mean arterial pressure before, during, and after surgery (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in blood variables before and after surgery (P > 0.05) except the platelet count that was in the normal range in both groups after surgery (P = 0.022). The mean volume of blood transfused in the case group was significantly lower than the control group during surgery (P = 0.008) and 12 h after surgery (P = 0.01). Conclusion: The prophylactic administration of TXA results in a significant reduction in need for blood transfusion and the duration of surgery. Given the lower risks of using TXA compared to the other drugs, it is recommended in hysterectomy to control bleeding.

Background: Sjogren's syndrome, as a chronic autoimmune disease, involves in lymphocytic infiltration in the exocrine glands. As the result of exocrine glands disruption, the clinical hallmark of this disease including dryness of mouth and eyes along with fatigue and joint pain occur. However, heterogeneity of clinical presentations among newly diagnosed adult patients with Sjogren's syndrome leads to difficulty in its diagnosis. One of the diagnostic criteria for Sjogren's syndrome is the presence of autoantibodies in patient serum. One of the novel biomarkers suggested for diagnosis of Sjogren is alpha-fodrin antibody. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic power of anti-α-fodrin antibody among the Iranian population for the first time. Materials and Methods: We recruited 82 individuals in this study. Alpha-fodrin were measured in case and control with Elisa kit as 16.71 (9.84) and 18.44 (11.54). Results: There was no any significant difference between two groups regarding alpha-fodrin level (P = 0.35). Then we applied the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine the predictive value of alpha-fodrin for diagnosing Sjogren's disease. The area under curve of the ROC curve was calculated as 0.5453. Also, there were significant association between age and alpha-fodrin antibody. Conclusions: Alpha-fodrin test did not have acceptable predictive power for predicting Sjogren's disease; however, it could be associated with disease progression.

As a family of short noncoding RNAs, MicroRNAs have been identified as possible biomarkers for cancer discovery and assist in therapy control due to their epigenetic involvement in gene expression and other cellular biological processes. In the present review, the evidence for reaching the clinical effect and the molecular mechanism of miR-942 in various kinds of cancer is amassed. Dysregulation of miR-942 amounts in different kinds of malignancies, as bladder cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, breast cancer, cervical cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, melanoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma, nonsmall-cell lung cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and prostate cancer has stated a considerable increase or decrease in its level indicating its function as oncogene or tumor suppressor. MiR-942 is included in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through cell cycle pathways, including pathways of transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathways, Wnt pathway, JAK/STAT pathway, PI3K/AKT pathway, apoptosis pathway, hippo signaling pathway, lectin pathway, interferon-gamma signaling, signaling by G-protein coupled receptor, developmental genes, nuclear factor-kappa B pathway, Mesodermal commitment pathway, and T-cell receptor signaling in cancer. An important biomarker, MiR-942 is a potential candidate for prediction in several cancers. The present investigation introduced miR-942 as a prognostic marker for early discovery of tumor progression, metastasis, and development.

Background: Due to chronic respiratory and gastrointestinal problems, growth failure is a common issue in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in CF children with stable gastrointestinal and respiratory conditions. Materials and Methods: In this study, the growth indicators of all 4–16-year-old children referred to two CF clinics were monitored over 3 years. Children without severe gastrointestinal or pulmonary symptoms with weight <3% percentile or whose height increase were two standard deviations below their expected height growth over 6 months were selected for the growth hormone (GH) stimulation test by clonidine and L-dopa test. Some of the children without CF, who were also referred for height growth disorders and matched the CF group, were considered the control group. They underwent the GH stimulation test, and the results were compared. Results: From 150 patients with CF, growth failure was observed in 24 patients with stable gastrointestinal and respiratory conditions; in 10 of them, the GH stimulation test was deficient. The prevalence of GHD was 6.6% in CF patients. In the control group of 30 children without CF, but with growth failure, the GH was deficient in nine cases, implying no significant difference with the case group (P = 0.37). Conclusion: In our study, the prevalence of GHD was 6.6% in CF patients, whereas the prevalence GHD in the normal population of childhood is <1%. Therefore, further studies should be designed to investigate the cause of GHD in CF patients.

Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a major complication of many chemotherapeutic agents, including taxanes. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of zinc on CIPN. Materials and Methods: This is a double-blinded controlled clinical trial that was performed in 2020–2021 in Isfahan on 55 cancer patients. We collected the data regarding CIPN, its severity, presence of abnormal deep-tendon reflexes, paresthesia, restriction in daily activities, and restriction in self-care and pain. Patients were divided into two groups: Patients in the first group were treated with capsules of zinc sulfate 25 mg daily and the control group received placebo. The duration of treatments was 3 months. Patients were visited 6, 9, and 12 weeks after study initiation. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of CIPN in the intervention group (37.03% vs. 14.8%, P < 0.001). The evaluation of the severity of neuropathy and presence of abnormal deep-tendon reflexes also demonstrated significant decrease in the intervention group during the study (P < 0.001 for both), but no significant changes were observed in the placebo group (P > 0.05). The activity limitations and pain severity improved significantly both in the intervention and placebo groups (P < 0.001 for both groups and items). The intervention group, however, had significantly lower frequencies of activity limitation and lower pain severity within compared to the control group during the study (P < 0.0 01). Conclusion: Zinc supplement therapy resulted in reduced frequency and intensity of CIPN in patients undergoing chemotherapy with taxanes.

Background: This study investigated the effect of central administration of α-pinene and the interaction of α-pinene with GABAA receptor on pulpal nociception-induced changes in learning and memory performances in rats. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six adult male Wistar rats were used. Pulpal nociception was induced by intradental application of capsaicin (100 μg/rat). α-pinene (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 μg/rat) was injected centrally 10 min before the administration of capsaicin. In addition, α-pinene (0.4 μg/rat) was co-injected with bicuculline (0.5 μg/rat). Spatial and passive avoidance learning and memory were assessed using Morris water maze (MWM) and shuttle box tasks, respectively. Results: Experimental results of the MWM test showed that capsaicin increases escape latency and distance traveled to the hidden platform (P < 0.01). The effect was prohibited by α-pinene at the dose of 0.4 μg/rat. Moreover, capsaicin-treated animals spent less time in the target zone than capsaicin + α-pinene (0.4 μg/rat)-treated rats (P < 0.05). In the shuttle box test, α-pinene (0.2 μg and 0.4 μg) prevented an increased number of acquisition trials and time spent in the dark chamber induced by capsaicin, whereas it increased step-through latency (P < 0.01). However, the effects of α-pinene (0.4 μg/rat) in both tests were prohibited by bicuculline (0.5 μg/rat). Conclusion: The data showed that central administration of α-pinene might reduce pulpalgia-induced learning and memory impairment, at least partially, via modulation of GABA_A receptors.

Background: Marine organisms such as seaweeds, produce potent chemicals with characteristic biological features. Sargassum species have great potential to be used for neuronal protection as part of nutraceuticals. The aim was to investigate the effects of hexane and methanol extracts of Sargassum plagyophylum from the Persian Gulf on depression induced by interferon-α (IFNa) in mice. Materials and Methods: S. plagyophylum was extracted by maceration with methanol-ethyl acetate solvent (1:1). The extract was evaporated and partitioned by hexane and methanol solvents. Male mice were used, depression was induced by SC injecting IFNα (16 × 10 ^{5 IU}/kg) for 6 days. Animals were subject to the forced swimming test (FST) after the locomotor test, on day 7. The extracts were administered IP either one single dose (acute) before the test, or simultaneously with IFNα (sub-acute). Results: The locomotor activity was not different from control values. IFNa increased the immobility time during FST (140 ± 14 s vs. control group 95 ± 9 s, P < 0.05). Hexane extract acute (40 mg/kg) injection was not effective while its sub-acute (20 mg/kg) injection reduced immobility time (46 ± 8 s, P < 0.001 vs. IFNa alone). Methanol extract acute (20 mg/kg) and sub-acute (20 mg/kg) administration significantly reduced immobility during the FST (78 ± 20 s, and 72 ± 8 s respectively, P < 0.05 vs. IFNa alone). Conclusion: S. plagyophylum has antidepressant effects, the hexane extract could prevent depression while the methanol extract not only prevented but also treated depression induced by IFNa in mice. Since this species is abundant in the Persian Gulf further clinical studies on its psychological effects are warranted.

Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has made a great impact on health-care services. The prognosis of the severity of the disease help reduces mortality by prioritizing the allocation of hospital resources. Early mortality prediction of this disease through paramount biomarkers is the main aim of this study. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, a total of 205 confirmed COVID-19 patients hospitalized from June 2020 to March 2021 were included. Demographic data, important blood biomarkers levels, and patient outcomes were investigated using the machine learning and statistical tools. Results: Random forests, as the best model of mortality prediction, (Matthews correlation coefficient = 0.514), were employed to find the most relevant dataset feature associated with mortality. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were identified as important death-related features. The decision tree method was identified the cutoff value of BUN >47 mg/dL and AST >44 U/L as decision boundaries of mortality (sensitivity = 0.4). Data mining results were compared with those obtained through the statistical tests. Statistical analyses were also determined these two factors as the most significant ones with P values of 4.4 × 10⁻⁷ and 1.6 × 10⁻⁶, respectively. The demographic trait of age and some hematological (thrombocytopenia, increased white blood cell count, neutrophils [%], RDW-CV and RDW-SD), and blood serum changes (increased creatinine, potassium, and alanine aminotransferase) were also specified as mortality-related features (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These results could be useful to physicians for the timely detection of COVID-19 patients with a higher risk of mortality and better management of hospital resources.

Background: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of gabapentin and oxazepam on sleep quality, the severity of anxiety, and pain level in patients admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU). Materials and Methods: This double-blind randomized clinical trial was done on the patients with unstable angina (UA) admitted to the CCU of Hazrat Rasool Akram Hospital in Tehran. A total of 56 patients were entered the study and randomly divided into two groups of 26. The first group was given a gabapentin capsule at a dose of 300–1200 mg/day, and the second group was given 10–20 mg of oxazepam tablets per day until hospitalization in the CCU. On the first and 4^th days of hospitalization, Groningen sleep quality score (GSQS), Beck Anxiety Inventory, and severity of pain experienced by Visual Analogue Scale were recorded, and the mean frequency of chest pains was calculated in 24 h during the first 4 days. The amount of drug (morphine) prescription in CCU also compared between the two groups. Results: There was no significant difference in GSQS scores between both groups. The mean score of Beck's anxiety scale did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, the incidence of chest pain was significantly lower in the gabapentin-receiving group than in the oxazepam-receiving group (<0.001). The days that the patients experienced chest pain were significantly less in the gabapentin-receiving group than in the oxazepam-receiving group (<0.001). Conclusion: The results of our study showed that gabapentin compared to oxazepam could significantly reduce chest pain in patients with UA.

Background: Green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used in a wide range of biological applications, including their use as antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of green synthesis AgNPs using nisin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Materials and Methods: In order to synthesize Ag-nisin, a 1 mg/ml nisin solution was mixed with a 1-mM silver nitrate solution and incubated. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was employed to determine the presence of various biomolecules around AgNPs. The AgNPs were morphologically observed and characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy assessment, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential analysis. The microdilution broth method based on CLSI principles was used for the assessment of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of nisin on P. aeruginosa isolates. Results: Field emission scanning electron microscope showed spherical shaped nanoparticles. DLS revealed that the average size of nanoparticles was 37.2 nm. The zeta potential of AgNPs was − 13.3 mV. FTIR findings revealed that nitrogen atoms of nisin's amine and amide groups are responsible for the capping and stability of the nanoparticles. The MIC and MBC showed that Ag/nisin nanoparticles had higher antimicrobial activity than nisin or AgNPs alone. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that the antibacterial activity of nisin can be increased by assembling it into the AgNP interface using a green chemical synthesis method. As a result, the technique may be used to develop an antibacterial formulation to enhance the effectiveness of nisin.

Since the main role in the pathogenesis of the coronavirus is attributed to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) receptor, it could possibly be a hypothesis in the differential sex-based pathogenesis of the coronavirus. The virus inserts its genetic material into the cell through its ACE2 receptors and replicates it by intracellular proteins. ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in cell membranes of various tissues in the body, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, macrophage cells, and especially on the surface of type 2 pneumocytes in the lungs, ovaries, uterus, vagina, placenta, and testes. Therefore, cells having a higher expression of the ACE2 may be a specific target for coronavirus binding and infectivity. Due to the increase of infections in males, concerns have been appeared about the potential impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on their fertility and reproductive organs. Thus, it is necessary to investigate if COVID-19 disturbs female and male fertility, so this review aimed to study the comprehensive evidences on the association of COVID-19 with human reproduction.

Insulin resistance (IR) is a chronic pathological condition that is related to reduce the rates of glucose uptake, especially in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue as target tissues. Metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus can occur following progression of the disease. The majority of prior research has applied that some cations such as magnesium (Mg²⁺) have important physiological role in insulin metabolism. Mg²⁺ is the fourth most abundant mineral in the human body that gets involved as a cofactor of various enzymes in several metabolic events, such as carbohydrate oxidation, and it has a fundamental role in glucose transporting mechanism of the cell membrane. This cation has numerous duties in the human body such as regulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells and phosphorylation of the insulin receptors in target cells and also gets involved in other downstream signal kinases as intracellular cation. On this basis, intracellular Mg²⁺ balancing is vital for adequate carbohydrate metabolism. This paper summarizes the present knowledge about the therapeutic effects of Mg²⁺ in reducing IR in liver, muscle, and pancreases with different mechanisms. For this, the search was performed in Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science by insulin resistance, skeletal muscle, liver, pancreases, magnesium, Mg²⁺, and inflammation keywords.

Background: The aim of the study is to identify latent class (LC)-derived patterns of women's knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional survey of 2029 women, who participated in the PERSIAN Birth Cohort, was conducted in Isfahan, Iran. KAP was assessed by shortened and validated form of a recently used questionnaire in Iran. LC analysis was used to discover underlying response patterns of KAP toward COVID-19 using Mplus 8.0 software. Results: Three classes were identified: Class 1 (n = 514, 25.33%) “Low knowledge and poor practice, Class 2 (n = 423, 22.08%) “Moderate knowledge and proper practice,” and Class 3 (n = 1092, 53.82%) “Low knowledge and proper practice.” The lowest rate of positive attitude was seen in Class 3. Women living in rural areas, as well as those with lower education, were more likely to member classes with improper practice. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the LCA approach can provide important information reflecting different levels of adoption of protection toward COVID-19 infection. The results may be useful to conducting health-care programs during the outbreaks.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and depression, anxiety, body image, and eating attitudes in 12- to 16-year-old adolescents. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study on 437 students in Shahrekord, Iran, selected by two-step random sampling (selection of schools and students), participants were divided into normal weight (BMI: 5–85^th), overweight (BMI: 85–95^th), and obese (BMI >95^th) groups and completed the questionnaires and data were analyzed by SPSS version 23. Results: BMI had a positive correlation with anxiety, depression, and dysfunctional eating attitudes, and negative correlation with body image in adolescents. Mean scores of depression and anxiety in both overweight and obese groups were significantly higher than those in normal weight adolescents but scores of body image and eating attitudes were not different between overweight and normal weight groups. Conclusion: Obesity and overweight may have adverse effects on mental health of adolescents and more attention to psychological aspect of obesity can help us to provide better health services to overweight and obese adolescents.

Background: Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is one of the complications of advanced cirrhosis which has a serious impact on prognosis of patient. Finding arterial deoxygenation early and initiating higher-level treatment is one of the most critical strategies in the therapy of HPS. In this study, we aimed to assess the utility of six-minute walk test (6MWT) in the diagnosis of HPS. Materials and Methods: We have enrolled 100 consecutive cirrhosis patients referred to the Liver Clinic of a tertiary care centre of India for >1 year. The Child-Pugh score and the MELD score were used to determine the severity of cirrhosis. All the patients underwent transthoracic contrast echocardiography, arterial blood gas measurements on room air, 6MWT, and chest imaging. Results: A total of 100 patients were included in the study after fulfilling the inclusion criteria. HPS was present in 21 out of 100 patients (21%). Median (twenty fifth to seventy fifth percentile) MELD score in patients with HPS was 29 (26–33), which was significantly higher as compared to patients without HPS 22 (14.5–26); P <.0001. The 6MWT was positive in 20 (95.23%) HPS patients, while only 1 patient (4.77%) of HPS had negative 6MWT. If 6MWT is positive, then there was 76.92% probability of HPS and if 6MWT is negative, then 98.65% chances of no HPS. Conclusion: The 6MWT is a simple and effective screening test for HPS, it helps in identifying the patients early who have a potential to deteriorate. This simple intervention would help in prioritizing patients for liver transplantation as liver transplant is the only effective treatment for HPS.

Background: The present study evaluated the effect of internal mesh fixation and external fixation (inguinal hernia truss) on postoperative complications in patients with inguinal hernia. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was performed on 64 patients that were candidates for inguinal hernia repair by laparoscopic method following the totally extraperitoneal procedure. These patients were randomly divided into two groups. In the first group, the mesh was fixed with a maximum of three absorbable tacks. In the second group, the inguinal hernia truss was used as the external fixation for 6 weeks immediately after the surgery. Results: The results revealed that seroma, neuralgia, and recurrence were observed with the values of 6.4%, 19.4%, and 3.2% in Group A and 3.3%, 13.3%, and 3.3% in Group B (P > 0.05). Moreover, patients' pain scores 1 week and 1 month after the surgery in Group B were significantly lower than those of Group A (P < 0.05). However, the mean pain score of patients was not different between the two groups 3 and 6 months after the surgery (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the duration of return to work in Group B with an average of 8.07 ± 3.09 days was less than that of Group A with the average of 9.65 ± 5.34 days (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The mentioned findings can trigger the use of external fixation and an inguinal hernia truss as a support for the abdominal wall to make the dream of not using a foreign body in the human body come true.

Background: Previous studies have reported that gastrectomy and fundectomy can induce osteopenia. Body fat index is a new index of obesity that shows central obesity and other risks of obesity. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is a bariatric surgery and a new technique introduced as subsleeve, which only resected fundus of the stomach. In this study, it has been shown the effect of subsleeve and SG on fat index and bone densitometry in an animal model. Materials and Methods: Rabbits were underlined SG, fundectomy (surgical removal of fundus), or sham-operated (controls without any resection), and after 12 weeks, fat index and bone densitometry were obtained. Results: Our study showed that there was no significant difference between SG and fundectomy groups in bone mass density and fat mass after surgery in comparison with presurgery condition. SG group were associated with lower fat index and bone density, and it showed significantly decrease in weight after 1.5 months. Conclusion: Sub-SG did not show any significant effect on fat index and bone densitometry in comparison with SG. However, we found lower fat index in sleeve group of rabbits, but it was not statistically significant.

Background: Osteoarthritis is one of the most common rheumatological diseases and is also considered as one of the causes of myofascial trigger points (MtrPs). Dry needling (DN) is one of the methods used for the treatment of the MtrPs. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of DN on pain in participants with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Materials and Methods: In this before and after preliminary clinical trial study, patients with mild to moderate KOA were enrolled. In one session, after determining the location of trigger points in quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles, the patients underwent DN. The pain was evaluated at baseline, by passing 4 days and 1 month from the intervention using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Results: Sixteen patients with a mean age of 56.5 (4.53) years old have completed the study and follow-up period. According to the ANOVA analysis, VAS values indicated a significant decrease in pain score at the 4^th and 1 month after the intervention compared to baseline (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between VAS at the 4^th day of intervention and also 1 month later of intervention (P = 0.087). Conclusion: The application of one session DN can lead to improvement in pain intensity in participants with mild to moderate KOA.

Background: Hypertension may lead to notifying adverse perinatal events that should be diagnosed and managed precisely. This study aims to investigate the values of cerebroplacental ration for the prediction of adverse perinatal events in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Materials and Methods: The current descriptive-comparative study has been conducted on 100 singleton pregnant women with the diagnosis of preeclampsia or pregnancy-induced hypertension. The Cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) was measured for the included population and divided into normal and abnormal ranges of >1 and ≤1. The adverse perinatal outcomes, including abnormal 5 min APGAR, low birth weight, perinatal death, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, academia, seizure, emergency cesarean delivery, and Tchirikov index as the general manifestation of adverse perinatal outcomes were compared between the groups. The specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy were measured for the adverse perinatal outcomes. Results: The two groups were remarkably different in terms of 5 min APGAR, low birth weight, cesarean section delivery, and Tchirikov index (P < 0.05). The specificity of CPR for prediction of small-for-gestational age, poor APGAR, requirement of assisted respiration, academia, Tchirikov score and NICU admission was 93.1%, 93.1%, 67.1%, 91.8%, 71.2%, and 63%, and its sensitivity was 26%, 14.8%, 51.8%, 14.8%, 51.8%, and 37%, respectively. Conclusion: CPR seems to be an appropriate means for the prediction of adverse perinatal outcomes with diversity in the prediction values of different determinants of adverse perinatal outcomes; however, in general, it had sensitivity, specificity, PP, NPV, and accuracy of 51.8%, 71.2%, 40%, 80%, and 66%, respectively.

Background: Diabetes mellitus patients are more likely to undergo nontraumatic foot or leg amputations because they have decreased circulation to the feet or reduced sensation. This condition may cause ulcerations, infections, and delayed wound healing, leading to amputations. Adequate knowledge and practices regarding foot care will be vital in the prevention of diabetic foot complications. Hence, this study aimed to determine the level of knowledge and practices of foot care among diabetes mellitus patients attending a rural primary health center in Belagavi-South India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the rural field practice area of J.N. Medical College, Belagavi, for 7 months (November 2019 to May 2020). A pretested questionnaire was administered to 461 diabetes patients attending the health center. A written informed consent was obtained from each participant. They were interviewed with a questionnaire consisting of 15 “yes” or “no” questions, each on foot care knowledge and practice. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 50.28 ± 9.48 years. The mean duration of diabetes was 10.69 ± 7.09 years. Majority, i.e., 296 (64.2%) participants showed satisfactory knowledge and 293 (63.6%) showed satisfactory practice. Only 97 (21%) had poor knowledge, 90 (19.5%) had poor practice, 68 (14.8%) patients had good knowledge, and 78 (16.9%) had good practice about diabetic foot care. Conclusions: The low level of knowledge and practice in patients with diabetes regarding foot care necessitates an educational program to increase awareness related to foot complications of diabetes, thereby motivating diabetic patients to incorporate foot care practices in their day-to-day routine.

Background: Nausea and vomiting is a common complication after gynecological surgeries, especially laparoscopy, which can lead to discomfort and restlessness in the patients. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of ondansetron–dexamethasone and metoclopramide–dexamethasone on postoperative nausea and vomiting following gynecological laparoscopy. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind clinical trial, 68 females scheduled for gynecological laparoscopy and age range of 18–40 years were randomly divided into two groups. Group OD received ondansetron 4 mg plus dexamethasone 8 mg and group MD received metoclopramide 10 mg plus dexamethasone 8 mg, 15 min before the end of surgery. The incidence of nausea and vomiting and need for rescue medication was assessed during the recovery period, as well as at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after surgery. The data were analyzed using STATA software version 12 and a significance level of <0.05 was considered in this research. Results: The incidence of nausea in ondansetron and metoclopramide groups was 23.3% and 33.3%, respectively, and the frequency of vomiting was 10% and 16.6%, respectively, which showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). The highest incidence of nausea and vomiting in patients belonged to the metoclopramide group inside 4–6 h after surgery. Conclusion: Our study showed that no significant difference was observed in the incidence of nausea and vomiting between ondansetron–dexamethasone and metoclopramide–dexamethasone groups following laparoscopic gynecological surgery; however, the number of patients with nausea and vomiting was lower in the ondansetron–dexamethasone group.

Background: Migraine, one of the most common headaches in children, has a significant impact on children and their family's quality of life (QoL). There are two approaches for controlling migraine headaches preventative and controlling acute attacks. Several drugs have been used for this purpose, and tricyclic antidepressants were at the top. Amitriptyline has shown not only a desirable effect on controlling the headaches but also some adverse side effects. Recently, finding effective drugs with fewer side effects, become more critical. Among them, nutraceuticals were one of the promising ones. Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial on 72 patients aged 5–15 years old with diagnosis of migraine based on the International Headache Society criteria, we compare the effectiveness of coenzyme Qten on frequency, duration, and severity of childhood migraine. For comparing the QoL, we used the International PedMIDAS questionnaire. Results: Coenzyme Qten showed good therapeutic effects in children, especially in long-term use; however, amitriptyline showed more rapid response. After 3 months of treatment, clinical outcomes in the two groups did not significantly differ from each other. Similarly, Children's QoL increased in the same way. There are more reported side effects in children using amitriptyline compared to coenzyme Qten. Conclusions: According to results, Co-enzyme Q10, with fewer side effects and comparable therapeutic effects, especially in the long term, could be a good drug for prophylactic treatment of migraine headaches.

Background: The present study investigated the prevalence of illness anxiety disorder and its relationship with social health in the elderly population. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 elderly people in Isfahan referred to the educational health service in 2020. In addition to demographic characteristics, they answered the 36-item Evans hypochondriasis questionnaire and the 28-item social health questionnaire. Results: Four hundred elderly participants with a mean age of 68.1 ± 6.6 (range: 60–89) were included in the study. One hundred and ninety-nine (49.8%) were female and 201 (50.3%) were male. Only 24.3% of the geriatrics were in the healthy group and 21.2% in the borderline category. Seventy-two of the geriatric population (18%) had poor social health and 299 of this population (74.8%) had moderate social health, and the social health status of 29 elderlies (7.3%) was favorable. There was an inverse relationship between hypochondriasis score and total social health score and its dimensions (P < 0.05). Conclusion: High prevalence of hypochondriasis was observed in the geriatrics compared to global studies. Most of the elderly population had moderate social health. Gender and education do not affect hypochondriasis and social health in the elderly. People with higher social health scores were clearly less likely to get hypochondriasis. Therefore, by improving the various dimensions of social health of the geriatrics, we can help reduce the prevalence of hypochondriasis in this age group.

Background: Patient management after bariatric surgery is important in controlling patients' diabetes and recurrence prevention. This study aimed to meet the medical managements of patients with diabetes 6 months after the bariatric surgery. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 77 type 2 diabetes patients' candidates for bariatric surgery (Roux-en-Y [RYGP] and Omega). Postoperative implementation protocol was one-third of insulin for patients taking long-term insulin and the discontinuation of medications for patients of oral antidiabetic agents. Blood glucose (BG) level was checked regularly by the patients at home and the necessary medical management was applied. The weight, BG and HbA1C levels, and use of oral antidiabetic agents and insulin were assessed and recorded before 1, 3, and 6 months after the surgery. Results: BG levels and HbA1C percentage in the 1^st, 3^rd, and 6^th months after the intervention in Omega group were significantly lower than RYGB group (P value < 0.05). At 1 and 3 months after surgery, the mean insulin dose received by the Omega and RYGB groups was reduced to <30 units/day and 10 units/day, respectively, following the management protocol in this study. Moreover, 23.1% and 7.7% of patients in RYGB group and 12.1% and 3% of patients in Omega group took oral antidiabetic agents 1and 3 months after surgery, respectively. Insulin and oral antidiabetic agents were completely discontinued 6 months after the surgery. Conclusion: The long-term management and support of the patients by the implementation of a standard protocol after surgery are of great significance in obtaining the optimal outcome after bariatric surgery.

Background: The exact prevalence of hypertension in children surviving acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has not been fully estimated. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) and to determine the risk factors for the development of AH in children surviving ALL with current treatments. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 patients (84 males, 66 females, with an age range of 1–16 years) were included in the study. Demographic and clinical information of patients were initially recorded. Hypertension is defined as average systolic blood pressure (BP) and/or diastolic BP that is greater than the 95^th percentile for gender, age, and height. Results: The mean age at the assessment of BP was 11.3 and 9.8 years in the ALL and control group, respectively. A total of 20.6% of survivors of ALL and 10% of controls had high BP. Most patients in both groups had normal BP (65.3% patients in ALL group and 75.4% subjects in the control group). The number of patients with hypertension was significantly higher in ALL patients as compared with the control group (P = 0.026). Conclusion: The prevalence of AH in children surviving ALL is higher than in children in the general population, which emphasizes the need for regular monitoring of BP in children surviving ALL and intervention in the lifestyle of this population. Careful follow-up of BP status is warranted for long-term survivors of childhood cancer.

Background: The assessment of the emotional consequences of having a spinal deformity and orthotic management in people with idiopathic scoliosis is essential. This study was aimed to translate and culturally adapt the Bad Sobernheim Stress questionnaire (BSSQ-Brace) for Iranian adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis using thoracolumbar orthoses. Materials and Methods: The BSSQ was translated into Persian according to a standard guideline. The Persian BSSQ-Brace was completed by 55 Iranian subjects with spinal deformities who agreed to participate in this research. The validity was determined by correlating the Persian BSSQ-Brace questionnaire (BrQ) and the revised Scoliosis Research Society-22 patient questionnaire (SRS-22r). To assess test-retest reliability, all participants completed the BSSQ-Brace twice, with a gap of 1-week. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and Cronbach's alpha were measured to report reliability. Results: All population revealed items in the Persian BSSQ-Brace were easily understood, and there was no difficulty completing them. The psychometric properties of the Persian version of BSSQ-Brace demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (interclass correlation coefficient = 0.94), excellent internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha = 0.94), and high construct validity with SRS-22r (r = 0.74). Conclusions: The Persian BSSQ-Brace is a reliable and valid instrument to assess the emotional domains in subjects wearing a spinal orthosis.

Background: The current study aims to assess the effects of the large simple renal cyst (SRC) surgery on renal function for the first time. Materials and Methods: This case-series study included 22 patients with larger than 50 mm single SRC who underwent laparoscopic cyst unroofing surgery. Twenty-four-hour urinary protein, creatinine, and volume along with plasma creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured in patients before and 1 month after surgery. Patients underwent abdominopelvic computed tomography-scan without contrast and parenchymal thickness diameter adjacent to the cyst was measured before and after surgery. Results: Mean age and weight of patients were 52.2 ± 8.9 years and 77 ± 10.9 akg, respectively. There was no significant difference between plasma creatinine and GFR before and after surgery (P = 0.25 and 0.37, respectively). Twenty-four-hour urinary volume, creatinine, and protein before and after surgery revealed no significant changes (P = 0.37, 0.08, and 0.31, respectively). The mean improvement of parenchymal thickness diameter after surgery was 10.4 ± 0.7 mm which was statistically significant (P = 0.001). However, it was not correlated with the mean estimated GFR change (r = 0.349, P = 0.13). Conclusions: Although laparoscopic unroofing of renal cyst recovered renal parenchymal thickness noticeably, it did not improve renal function significantly; therefore, the latter factor lonely should not be considered a reason for surgery decision. Observation can be chosen as a safe treatment strategy in large SRCs without concern about renal function.

Background: Early and cost-effective diagnosis and monitoring of the infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are critically important to anticipate and control the disease. We aimed to set up a SYBR Green-based one-step real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a lower-cost alternative method to detect the virus. Materials and Methods: An in-house SYBR Green-based PCR assay targeting the envelope (E) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genes, was set up to diagnose the infection, and was compared with the reference probe-based PCR method. Results: When the commercial probe-based assay was considered as the reference method, SYBR Green-based PCR had a slightly lower sensitivity (81.98% and 86.25% for E and RdRp targets, respectively) and a good specificity (100% and 94.44% for E and RdRp targets, respectively). For both gene targets, three different melting temperature (Tm) patterns were found in the PCRs of the nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab samples, but no size polymorphism was seen in agarose gel electrophoresis. Conclusion: Further studies to improvement of the assay are needed to make it an inexpensive and reliable tool for the diagnosis of COVID-19.

Background: The axillary reverse mapping (ARM) technique identifies and preserves arm nodes during sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Here, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of lymphedema following ARM. Materials and Methods: This is a clinical trial that was performed in 2019-2020 in Isfahan on patients with breast cancer in the early stages. Demographic and initial information of all cases including age and body mass index (BMI) was collected. Patients were then underwent SLNB ± ALND associated with ARM and were followed up for lymphedema every 6 months to a year. The occurrence of lymphedema was assessed. Results: By evaluating data of 102 patients, we found that 10 patients (9.8%) had lymphedema and patients with lymphedema had significantly higher age (P = 0.004), higher BMI (P = 0.001), larger tumor size (P = 0.018), and longer surgery duration (P < 0.001). The frequency of menopausal women was higher in patients with lymphedema compared to other cases (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of lymphedema was high among patients undergoing ARM that was associated with factors including higher age, higher BMI, prolonged surgery duration, larger tumor size, and menopause. We believe that further comparative studies should be conducted on this issue.

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) may considerably change the gait parameters, including the gait variability patterns. Uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analysis has been used to evaluate the relationship between motor control and gait variability as a useful index for assessing the multi-segmental movements' coordination during walking. To our knowledge, no research has evaluated the alterations in the gait kinematic parameters during normal and narrow path walking in individuals with KOA as compared to asymptomatic people. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, individuals diagnosed with mild to moderate medial KOA and asymptomatic people will walk at their comfortable preferred speed on a treadmill. A motion capture system will be used to record at least 50 successful gait cycles. The kinematic variability of joints during gait will be analyzed using UCM, with the center of mass (COM) displacement considered as the performance variable. The primary outcome measure will be the lower limb synergy index. Variability of the COM displacement and changes in angles and angular velocities of lower extremity joints will be assessed as the secondary outcomes. Results: The results of this protocol study provide information on the lower limb kinematic synergy during gait on normal and narrow paths for individuals with KOA and asymptomatic controls. Conclusion: This information will help the researchers and clinicians understand KOA patients' gait variability characteristics more deeply. Moreover, it may lead to an enhanced evidence-based approach for clinical decision-making concerning improving gait stability and decreasing the falling risk in these people.

Background: Severe varus deformity of the knee poses a technical challenge in balancing the flexion–extension gaps. The use of a varus–valgus constrained prosthesis is a solution to achieve coronal plane stability. The results of constrained condylar knee (CCK) implants in primary total knee arthroplasty are not well known. This study aims to compare the functional outcomes of posterior-stabilized (PS) and CCK implants for primary arthroplasty of the varus knee. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with bilateral severe osteoarthritis and genu varum of more than 10° were enrolled in this study. One knee was randomly implanted with a fixed-bearing PS implant, whereas the other was implanted with a CCK prosthesis. Pre- and postoperative Knee Society Score (KSS) and Oxford Knee Score (OKS) questionnaires were completed, and knee flexion was measured and compared. Results: The patients were followed for 32 months on average (24–36 months). On the KSS and OKS, both the groups improved significantly, but the difference between them was not statistically significant. Postoperative knee flexion was also not different between the two groups. Furthermore, 18 patients could not distinguish the difference between the two prostheses, whereas two patients preferred the PS one. Conclusion: We demonstrated that a PS prosthesis can achieve comparable functional results to the CCK one in the short term.

Background: Carvacrol is a natural phenolic monoterpene with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant bioactivities. Neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress responses play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The present study examined the effect of carvacrol on brain tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level and oxidative stress as well as spatial learning and memory performances in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-exposed rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were treated with either carvacrol (25 and 50 mg/kg) or Tween 80 for 2 weeks. Thereafter, LPS (1 mg/kg) or saline was intraperitoneally administered on days 15–19, 2 h before Morris water maze task, and treatments with carvacrol or Tween 80 were performed 30 min prior to behavioral testing. The level of TNF-α, lipid peroxidation, and total thiol concentration were measured in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex at the end of the experiment. Results: It was found that LPS-exposed rats exhibited spatial learning and memory dysfunction, which was accompanied by increased TNF-α level and lipid peroxidation, and decreased total thiol concentration in the hippocampus and/or cortex. Moreover, treatment with carvacrol at a dose of 25 mg/kg attenuated learning and memory impairments, decreased TNF-α and lipid peroxidation level in the hippocampus and cortex, and increased total thiol concentration in the cortex. Conclusion: Carvacrol exerts neuroprotective effects against LPS-induced spatial memory deficits through attenuating hippocampal TNF-α level and oxidative stress in rats.

Also known as intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia, Masson's tumor is a relatively rare soft-tissue vascular tumor that usually arises in the hand. Felon is an abscess formation in the distal phalanx that usually occurs following a penetrating microtrauma. We present a 30-year-old patient who was referred to our clinic with a palpable mass in the distal phalanx of the index finger after a needle stick injury. At first, the lesion was treated as a felon but finally and after treatment failure, a complete reevaluation revealed the lesion to be a Masson's tumor of the distal phalanx.

Ataxia–telangiectasia (AT) is a type of primary immunodeficiency characterized by an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance and usually presents with progressive cerebellar ataxia in early life. This complex disease is associated with humoral and cellular immune dysfunction and other features including characteristic oculocutaneous telangiectasia and increased predisposition to cancers, particularly lymphoma and leukemia. An 11-year-old Iranian girl presented with primary immunodeficiency and was diagnosed as having AT according to her clinical manifestations and molecular findings. She had a history of two types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and showed spontaneous regression of her diffuse large B-cell lymphoma without any specific treatment. Gene mutations and dysfunction in patients with AT result in different manifestations including abnormal development of the thymus, immunodeficiency, increased susceptibility to malignancies, and increased radiosensitivity. No standard treatment is available for these patients. The use of immunotherapeutic strategies in patients with primary immune deficiency disease-associated tumors is potentially important.

Background: One of the basic practices in the field of waste management is the collection and treatment of leachate. Leachate from municipal waste due to high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dark color is a potential pollutant of the environment, which causes a lot of problems in the absence of treatment and direct discharge to the environment. This study aimed to determine the efficiency of ultrasonic process in combination with coagulation and flocculation process using sodium ferrate in COD and color reduction. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, all experiments were performed in batch conditions and with changing process variables such as pH and sonication time, and the effect of three parameters, including ultrasonic reaction time (15, 30, and 45 min), pH (2, 4, 5/5, and 7), and coagulant dosage (from 1 to 150 g/l) on the COD reduction and color removal, was evaluated. Coagulant concentration and then the removal efficiency of COD and color were analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS 18. Results: The COD reduction and color removal were 87.05% and 88.6% in optimal condition (using 120 g/L of sodium ferrate at pH 5.5), with coagulation/flocculation, after ultrasound (15 min). Ultrasound (15 min) + sodium ferrate (without coagulation/flocculation) achieved 46.25% of COD reduction and 90.35% of color elimination, whereas the ultrasonic process alone allowed removing the COD and color in the leachate by less than 50%. Conclusion: The results indicate that C–F followed by ultrasonic can be used to efficiently reduce the organic matter and color from municipal waste leachate, and it would be an ideal option for leachate treatment.

Background: Oral candidiasis (OC) has been noticed as a common mucous membrane infection in immunocompromised patients such as that diabetes. This study, focused on the genotyping of Candida albicans and enzymatic activities of Candida species recovered from oral mucosa among diabetes patients and healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: Specimens were obtained from oral mucosa of One-hundred and sixty patients with type 2 diabetic and 108 healthy individuals. All isolates were definitely identified by ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene sequencinghHydrophobicity, hemolytic activities of Candida species and genotypes of C. albicans were determined through polymerase chain reaction (CA-INT). Results:, Eighty eight (55%) samples out of 160, were positive for Candida species in diabetic patients. Moreover, 79.5% (70/88) and 20.5% (18/88) isolates belonged to the C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species respectively. Three genotypes of C. albicans have recovered in diabetic patients: genotype A (71.42%), B (21.42%), and C (7.14%). In healthy individuals, 42.6% (46/102) Candida species recovered from oral cavity, with the highest prevalence of genotype A (76.6% of C. albicans). Additionally, hydrophobicity and hemolytic activities from Candida species were significantly greater in diabetes patients than healthy nondiabetic subjects. Conclusion: Collectively, C. albicans was the most causative agent isolated from diabetes patients and non-diabetes healthy individuals. Genotype A, as the most remarkable genotype, should be mentioned in both groups. Higher potential hydrophobicity and hemolytic activities of Candida species in diabetic patients compared to healthy cases suggest these features triggering pathogenicity of OC in diabetes patients.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of adding oral clonidine to standard treatments on pain intensity in patients with acute renal colic. Materials and Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial that was performed in 2020 in Isfahan. The study population consisted of 200 patients with renal colic. Pain of the patients was assessed using Visual Analog Scale. Patients were then randomized into 4 groups of 50 patients. Group A received 0.1 mg/kg morphine and clonidine tablets (0.2 mg). Group B received morphine and placebo. Group C received 30 mg ketorolac and clonidine tablets. Group D received 30 mg ketorolac and placebo tablets. Pain of patients was assessed. 0.05 mg/kg morphine was administered and repeated every 40 min if the pain was not reduced. Results: Our data showed that there was a significant difference between pains of patient by the time of admission in groups (P = 0.04). However, no significant differences were observed between pains of patients in different measuring times (P > 0.05). Using general linear model, we showed that the decreases in pain scores of each group were significant (P < 0.05) but there were no significant differences in pains of patients in different measuring times (P > 0.05). Our data showed that Group A and Group C had lowest frequencies of morphine administrations while Groups B and D had the highest frequencies (P < 0.001). Conclusion: We showed that administration of clonidine in patients with renal colic resulted in better pain control and lower morphine injections.

Background: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) occurs in 1% of pregnancies, and may seriously effects on women's health and future fertility so this study aimed to compare the results of hysterosalpingography (HSG) after treatment of EP by laparoscopy, laparotomy, and methotrexate (MTX) therapy. Materials and Methods: This was a clinical trial study was done on 112 EP women with treatment indication referred to Isfahan Al-Zahran and Shahid Beheshti Hospitals from 2017 to 2018. They were divided into 33 populated groups of laparoscopic salpingostomy, laparotomy and MTX. Then patients of three groups underwent HSG 3 months after intervention. The factors such beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β–hCG) (mIU/mL), size of EP (mm), infection, hospital length of stay (LOS), and tubal patency were recorded and compared between the groups. Results: There were no significant differences between groups for age, body mass index, β–hCG, Size of EP, and hospital LOS (P > 0.05). The infection was more frequent in laparotomy group with no significant difference among three groups. The infection rates were 9%, 12%, and 6% for MTX, laparotomy, and laparoscopy arms, respectively. Between the three groups tubal patency as primary outcome had higher frequency than laparoscopy group, although, the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.595). Conclusion: Although infection was more in laparotomy and that tubal patency was more within 3 months in laparoscopy and MTX, there were no statistically significant differences in the results of laparoscopy, laparotomy, and MTX in HSG results.

Background: CA1, as a major structure involved in learning and memory, has been shown to be affected by tramadol addiction. Both orexin and endocannabinoid receptors express in CA1 and play an important role in drug dependency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modulatory effects of orexin-2 (OX2R) and endocannabinoid-1 (CB1R) receptors on neuronal activity in CA1, in response to tramadol in rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups (n = 6–7); saline-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), tramadol-DMSO, saline-TCS-OX2-29, saline-AM251, tramadol-TCS-OX2-29, tramadol-AM251, saline-TCS-OX2-29-AM251, tramadol-TCS-OX2-29-AM251. Tramadol was injected intraperitoneally, and then, AM251 (1 nmol/0.3 μL), CB1R antagonist and TCS-OX2-29 (1 nmol/0.3 μL), OX2R antagonist, were microinjected individually or concurrently into the CA1. Using in vivo extracellular single-unit recording, the firing of CA1 pyramidal neurons was investigated. Results: Tramadol decreased neuronal activity in CA1 (P < 0.01) but increased it after micro-injection of DMSO. TCS-OX2-29 increased neuronal activity in saline group (P < 0.05) but decreased it in tramadol group. AM251 had no effect on saline group but decreased neuronal activity in tramadol group (P < 0.05). Concurrent micro-injection of TCS-OX2-29 and AM251 had no effect on saline group but decreased neuronal activity in tramadol group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that neural activity in CA1 is rapidly affected by acute use of tramadol, and some of these effects may be induced through the endocannabinoid and orexin systems. Thus, the function of endocannabinoid and orexin systems in CA1 may play a role in tramadol addiction.

Background: The present study investigated the plasma level of fibrinogen before and after removing the pump in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and its relationship with the need for blood products. Materials and Methods: The present study was performed on 60 patients who were candidates for CABG surgery. The fibrinogen level of these patients was assessed and recorded before surgery and immediately after removing the pump. In addition, their hemoglobin level was recorded before the operation and 2 h after. In addition, the number and type of blood products transfusion were recorded intraoperatively and postoperatively and also at the intensive care unit. Results: Patients' fibrinogen level after removing the pump with the mean of 130.53 ± 122.01 mg/dl decreased significantly compared to before surgery with the mean of mg/dl 224.95 ± 132.88 mg/dl (P < 0.001). In addition, the prognostic value of fibrinogen after removing the pump in determining the postoperative need of blood transfusion showed that the cut-off value of fibrinogen was < 196 mg/dl with a sensitivity of 16.82% and specificity of 80%, but it was not statistically significant (area under the curve [95% confidence interval]: 0.519 [0.350–0.689]; P = 0.825). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, due to significant changes in fibrinogen levels after removing the pump compared to preoperation, it seems that this factor can play an important role in prognosis of the need to postoperative blood transfusion, although the prognostic value and the critical point mentioned in our study was not significant and it is required to do further studies.

Background: Tramadol is an opioid analgesic with monoamine reuptake inhibitory effects. Although tramadol has been widely used to control pain, there is controversy about the risk of abuse. Therefore, in the present study, the acute effects of tramadol on neuronal activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which is one of the important centers of the reward system, were investigated electrophysiologically. Materials and Methods: Tramadol was injected interperitoneally (12.5 and 25 mk/kg) or subcutaneously (40 mg/kg) and its effect on the firing of mPFC neurons was investigated, using in vivo extracellular single unit recording. Results: Tramadol could not significantly affect neural activity in mPFC, suggesting no acute and rapid effect on mPFC. Conclusions: The present results showed that neural activity in mPFC was not rapidly affected by acute application of tramadol. Since the role of mPFC in tramadol addiction has been elucidated, it can be concluded that these effects may be due to delayed responses or chronic use of tramadol.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a community-based intervention on social capital, quality of life, self-care, and health literacy among elderly. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental trial was conducted at two health-care centers in Isfahan, Iran, which assigned to the intervention and control groups. A total of 86 elderly (60 years or above) enrolled in the study. The intervention program consisted of 12 weekly group sessions with various health topics. Nine sessions held in the health-care center and three local tours in different locations of the neighborhood. The control group received routine care of health centers. Social capital, quality of life, self-care, and health literacy were assessed at baseline and 1 month after the intervention in two groups. Results: Mental component of quality of life (P = 0.026), self-care, and health literacy (P < 0.001) showed a significant increase in the intervention group compared to the control group at 1 month after the intervention. The total score of social capital and the dimensions of local community participation, social agency, feelings of security and trust, interactions with neighbors, and interactions with family and friends improved in the intervention group (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the dimensions of tolerance of diversity (P = 0.241) and value of life (P = 0.928). Conclusions: This community-based interventions with a variety of diverse and participatory components can be used as a strategy to promote the health of the elderly in primary health care.

Background: Altered heart rate variability (HRV) has been associated with a number of disorders affecting autonomic tone, including recent myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and diabetic neuropathy. Furthermore, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been shown to be associated with characteristic disturbances in heart rhythm. In this study, using HRV frequency analysis, an attempt has been made to diagnose or possibly diagnose OSA. Materials and Methods: Using Somnologica version 3.3.1 software (Medcare-Embla), polysomnographic recordings were done. Electrocardiographic signals were digitalized with a sampling rate of 250 Hz. Using the HRV analysis report of this software, low-frequency (LF) and high- frequency (HF) information and LF to HF ratio (LF/HF) were obtained at 5-min intervals, then at cutting points 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50, which indicate the intensity of the apnea and hypopnea index (AHI), were analyzed with mean and standard deviation of HRV frequencies. Results: According to the results reported in this study, comparison of mild, moderate, and severe cases led to no significant differences, while frequency-domain analysis displayed significant LF/HF increase in more severe AHI cases. This can probably be applied in screening high-risk patients, reducing the application of PSG in high probable cases, and providing an estimate of prognosis of potentials patients for the physicians. Conclusions: In the study of frequency-domain analysis, LF/HF increases in more severe AHI cases. These can probably be applied in screening high-risk patients, reducing the application of PSG in high probable cases.

Background: Spatial disease mapping is a widespread tool in ecological analysis to obtain accurate estimates for incidence, relative risks (RRs), prevalence, or mortality rates regarding to increase the incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer in Isfahan in recent years. This study aimed to inspect the RR of GI cancer in Isfahan counties using empirical and full Bayesian model. Materials and Methods: Data of this ecological study were GI cancer cases which registered in health-care system of Isfahan University of Sciences during 2005–2010. We applied shared component model to model the spatial variation incidence rates of the GI cancers. We compared three models such as Gamma–Poisson, lognormal, and Besag, York, and Mollie (BYM) Bayesian. WinBUGS and GIS 10.1 software were used. Results: According to the fitted model, BYM model had best fit to the data. However, in general, ranks of RRs in most counties are identical; counties with higher RR in one map have higher RR in other maps. Geographical maps for three cancers in women were smoother than men. Isfahan has high RR in women, whereas this point is slightly different in men. Daran, FreidoonShahr, and Isfahan are cities which have high RR in esophagus, stomach, and colon cancer, respectively. Conclusions: Lognormal and BYM maps had very similar results. Despite some differences in estimation values, in nearly all maps arias Isfahan had high RR in GI cancer. It is recommended to promote the use of screening programs and increase awareness of people in high RR areas to reduce the incidence of GI cancer.

Background: The present study aims to evaluate the diagnostic exactitude of the intraoperative Chertsey test in tibiofibular syndesmotic injuries in patients with malleolar fractures, in comparison with a computed tomography (CT) scan. Materials and Methods: In this study, patients with malleolar fractures operated between 2018 and 2020 were examined. Thirty-nine patients were enrolled in the study. A three-dimensional preoperative CT scan was obtained. The opposite unfractured ankle was also scanned and considered as the control group. The Chertsey test was performed during the operation to assess the syndesmosis injury. Then, patients were partitioned into two distinct groups, considering the condition of their ankle, namely the Chertsey positive (unstable syndesmosis) group and the Chertsey negative (stable syndesmosis) group. Results: The outcomes of the present survey illustrated that the Chertsey test was positive in 16 patients (41.03%) and negative in 23 patients (59.07%). The median of all CT scan parameters (anterior tibiofibular distances (TFD), middle TFD, posterior TFD, and maximal TFD and volume) before surgery in the group of patients with a positive Chertsey test was significantly higher, measured against the unfractured control group (P < 0.001 for all parameters). Furthermore, a comparison of CT scan parameters and syndesmosis space volume before surgery between the two groups of patients with positive and negative Chertsey test results showed that the measurement of parameters in Chertsey-positive patients was significantly higher than the Chertsey-negative patients (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Chertsey test could be used to diagnose syndesmosis injuries in patients with malleolar fractures due to its high importance in the outcome of patients.