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Platelet-rich plasma application in chondrogenesis
Azadeh Kabiri1, Ebrahim Esfandiari2, Abolghasem Esmaeili3, Batool Hashemibeni2, Abbas Pourazar4, Mohammad Mardani2
1 Department of Anatomical Sciences, Paramedical School, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Langeroud, Iran
2 Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
3 Department of Biology, Molecular and Developmental Division, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
4 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| Date of Submission | 23-Feb-2013 |
| Date of Acceptance | 10-Mar-2013 |
| Date of Web Publication | 25-Jun-2014 |
Correspondence Address:
Mohammad Mardani
Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
Iran
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.135156
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), an autologous derivative of whole blood, has been recently used in surgical treatment. PRP contains growth factors including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and also bioactive proteins that influence the healing of tendon, ligament, muscle, and bone. This article describes the current clinical applications of PRP in chondrogenesis. This study reviews and evaluates the studies that have been published in the field of chondrogenesis. All aspects of using PRP in chondrogenesis are reviewed. Keywords: Chondrogenesis, growth factors, platelet-rich plasma
How to cite this article:
Kabiri A, Esfandiari E, Esmaeili A, Hashemibeni B, Pourazar A, Mardani M. Platelet-rich plasma application in chondrogenesis. Adv Biomed Res 2014;3:138 |
How to cite this URL:
Kabiri A, Esfandiari E, Esmaeili A, Hashemibeni B, Pourazar A, Mardani M. Platelet-rich plasma application in chondrogenesis. Adv Biomed Res [serial online] 2014 [cited 2023 Mar 30];3:138. Available from: https://www.advbiores.net/text.asp?2014/3/1/138/135156 |
| Introduction | |  |
During the last decade, the term platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has received wide and growing attention in the field of regenerative medicine. [1] PRP is defined as the portion of the plasma fraction of blood having a platelet concentration above the baseline value. [2],[3] The significance behind using PRP is due to the abundance of growth factors and protein in a well-prepared PRP concentrate involved in tissue engineering. [4] There are some advantages of using PRP. First of all, it is easy to obtain PRP from patient's own blood. Secondly, by regulating the processing technique and activation protocol, it is possible to control the dose of growth factors released on activation. [5] PRP has been used in medical fields such as oral and maxillofacial surgery to enhance hard and soft tissue healing and it has gained attention in orthopedic and sports medicine as a treatment for various problems, including bone, cartilage, ligament, and tendon pathologies. [6],[7],[8],[9],[10] Due to the poor regenerative capability of articular cartilage and currently limited clinical treatments, recently cartilage repair, through tissue engineering, has been considered as an alternative approach.
There are two promising cell sources for cartilage tissue engineering: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and chondrocytes. Both can be differentiated in 3D culture [11],[12] in the presence of growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), insulin-like growth factor-1, and bone morphogenic protein-6 (BMP-6). [13]
The importance behind using PRP in cartilage tissue engineering field is that PRP is rich in growth factors, including those that promote proliferation of chondrogenic cells and secretion of cartilaginous matrix, such as TGF-β, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), [14] insulin-like growth factor (IGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). [15],[16],[17] There are three main types of vesicles detected in a platelet: 1) a-granules, 2) β lysosomes, and 3) dense-core granules. Many of the key ingredients such as growth factors are stored in a-granules. [18] The PRP growth factors and their role in chondrogenesis are given in [Table 1]. | Table 1: Growth factors present in platelet-rich plasma and their roles in chondrogenesis
Click here to view |
This review will provide an overview of the studies featuring the role of PRP in chondrogenesis of chondrocytes and stem cells.
| Preparation of PRP | | |
In all available PRP techniques, blood is collected with an anticoagulant such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid a mixture of citrate, theophylline, adenosine, and dipyridamole (CTAD) [26] and then it is immediately processed by centrifugation. The time for platelet concentrate preparation is about an hour. The first centrifugation step is designed to separate the blood into three layers: Red blood cells (RBCs) are located at the bottom, acellular plasma or platelet-poor plasma (PPP) is at the top, and a "buffy coat" layer appears in between, in which platelets are concentrated. The goal of the subsequent steps is to discard both the RBC layer and the PPP to collect only the buffy coat layer. Finally, the obtained platelet concentrate is applied to the desired site. [27]
PRP was applied in three forms, including fresh platelets, activated platelets by freeze -thaw, and through thrombin cycles in research and clinical trial. The concentration of the growth factors released was quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The highest concentrations of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) were found in frozen platelets while the maximum TGF-β1 was detected in thrombin-activated platelets. [28]
| Effects of PRP on The Chondrocytes' Proliferation and Matrix Synthesis | | |
To investigate the effect of PRP on chondrogenesis, it is necessary to consider the changes that occur on the chondrogenic markers such as SOX9, aggrecan, and collagen type II. A summary of all the studies is presented in [Table 2]. It has been shown that using 10% PRP in place of 10% fetal bovine serum in the dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) for culturing porcine chondrocytes in alginate beads produced more proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), and DNA. [29] The increased production of GAG was seen when 3% PRP was mixed with gelatin hydrogel and then injected intra-articularly to the rabbit model of osteoarthritis (OA). [30]
Interestingly, PRP in the form of medium supplement in vitro and in the gel form that encapsulated cell brick stimulated the synthesis of collagen type II by chondrocytes [29],[31] and caused upregulation of the SOX9 gene expression and when was used in monolayer as a medium supplement or was mixed with hydrogel. [32],[33] it has the same effects. The proliferative effect of PRP on chondrocytes from different sources such as bovine articular and nasal septal chondrocytes, [34] rabbit articular chondrocytes, [35] and sheep articular chondrocytes [36] was reported even when PRP was used in the form of platelet lysate. However, the effect of PRP on matrix accumulation was not confirmed in some studies. [34],[35] These inconsistent results may be due to the activation form of PRP or the source of chondrocytes. The 10% PRP also stimulates upregulation of TGF-β, VEGF, and chondromodulin-I (ChM-I) by rabbit chondrocytes. [37] This indicates that culturing chondrocytes in the presence of PRP may alter their gene expression profile. PRP can be considered as a successful injectable carrier to study the chondrocytes' differentiation potential. Results showed that PRP as a gel could provide ideal conditions to preserve the chondrocyte phenotype in vivo and in vitro.[38],[39]
| The Effects of PRP on The Chondrogenesis and Proliferation of MSCs | | |
Due to the problems related to the autologous chondrocyte implantation method [40] for cartilage defect treatment, much attention has been paid to find other cell sources for cartilage tissue engineering. MSCs are a promising cell population for regeneration of mesenchymal tissues such as cartilage. The main chondrogenic inducer MSCs belong to TGF-β family. [41],[42] Due to the complexities involved in the safety and efficacy of either exogenous or genetically induced growth factor delivery, investigators are trying to find [43] substitutions such as PRP. The core ingredient of PRP is TGF-β1. [44] A summary of all the studies is presented in [Table 3].
Injection of muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) with PRP into the knees of rat model of OA produced more collagen type II and decreased the number of apoptotic cells in articular cartilage, promoted proliferation, adhesion, and migration of MDSCs, and finally enhanced the integration of the transplanted cells in the repair process. [45] The effect of human PRP on the chondrogenesis of human subchondral progenitor cells in pellet culture system has been established. At the same time, the upregulation of cartilage hypertrophic marker collagen type X was detectable. [46] It seems that presence of different components of inductive medium such as dexamethasone, insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS), and ascorbic acid for chondrogenic induction of human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) [47] and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) (unpublished data) is necessary. The gene expression of aggrecan and SOX9 were enhanced when bone marrow derived stem cells (BMSCs) were in the presence of 10% buffered PRP [16] This shows that probably activation step is not mandatory. Application of 10% PRP as a medium supplement in monolayer culture of BMSCs and ADSCs caused upregulation of collagen type II, aggrecan, and SOX9. When PRP was used as a scaffold for BMSCs and ADSCs, it produced the hyaline cartilage. [48] The mentioned results show the positive effects of PRP in chondrogenesis of MSCs from different tissues.
| The Anti-Inflammatory Effects Of PRP on The Chondrocytes | | |
The anti-inflammatory effects of PRP on the chondrocytes seem to correlate with the upregulation of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1). It is reported that CB1 agonists have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and reduce joint damage in animal models of arthritis. [33],[49],[50] The anti-inflammatory effects of PRP are due to the reduction in the transactivation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), the critical regulator of the inflammatory process. Activated PRP has an enhanced concentration of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a). These growth factors, by disrupting the transactivation of NF-κB, are the key ingredients that contribute to PRP anti-inflammatory effects. The second mechanism is decreasing the expression of inflammatory enzymes cycloxygenase 2 and 4 (COX-2 and COX-4). [51] Decreasing the gene expression of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) 4 and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS) 2 is another mechanism used by PRP to avoid inflammation in chondrocytes. [52] It was shown that PRP could have pro-inflammatory effect on the human chondrocytes after the initial reduction of COX-2; [53] may be, PRP has a dual effect on the chondrocytes' response to inflammatory conditions.
| Conclusion | | |
There are several potential advantages of using PRP in tissue engineering, especially in chondrogenesis. PRP can keep the phenotype and differentiation potential of chondrocytes in terms of proliferation, and synthesis of proteoglycan and collagen type II.
It seems that PRP induce chondrogenesis of MSCs through the secretion of various growth factors, especially TGF-β, since its concentration is high.
The limitation of using PRP is due to two reasons. Firstly, there is not a standard preparation protocol and various platelet activation methods sometimes give different results that do not support each other, thereby making it difficult to compare them. Secondly, there is lack of knowledge about the growth factors and their concentration at which they exert PRP chondrogenic effect. To solve these issues, it is necessary to determine the concentration of PRP growth factors in each study. Since MSCs' chondrogenesis induced by PRP led to production of hypertrophic cartilage, a better understanding of the mechanisms of chondrogenesis is necessary. For OA, however, it needs further investigation.
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[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
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| J. J. de Graeff,M. P. J. van den Bekerom,B. L. van Meer,J. A. C. Zijl | | Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics. 2021; 8(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
A single intraarticular platelet-rich plasma improves pain and function for patients with early knee osteoarthritis: Analyses by radiographic severity and age |
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| Shu-Fen Sun,Chien-Wei Hsu,Huey-Shyan Lin,I-Hsiu Liou,Yi-Chun Chou,Shin-Yi Wu,Hung-Ya Huang | | Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2021; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Comparative Analysis of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Cultivation in Fetal Calf Serum, Human Serum, and Platelet Lysate in 2D and 3D Systems |
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| Marline Kirsch,Jessica Rach,Wiebke Handke,Axel Seltsam,Iliyana Pepelanova,Sarah Strauß,Peter Vogt,Thomas Scheper,Antonina Lavrentieva | | Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2021; 8 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Canine Osteoarthritis Research: “Experientia Docet” (Experience Will Teach Us) |
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| Carlien Brondeel,Glenn Pauwelyn,Evelien de Bakker,Jimmy Saunders,Yves Samoy,Jan H. Spaas | | Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2021; 8 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate versus Platelet Rich Plasma or Hyaluronic Acid for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis |
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| Oliver Dulic, Predrag Rasovic, Ivica Lalic, Vaso Kecojevic, Gordan Gavrilovic, Dzihan Abazovic, Dusan Maric, Mladen Miskulin, Marko Bumbasirevic | | Medicina. 2021; 57(11): 1193 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Effectiveness of ultrasound-guided platelets rich plasma injection in knee osteoarthritic cases |
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| Lamis Safwat, GamalS.E E. Khalifa, AbeerN A. Aziz, Hesham AlShabrawy | | Journal of Medicine in Scientific Research. 2021; 4(4): 355 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Therapeutic Potential of Dental Pulp Stem Cells and Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin for Osteoarthritis |
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| Melissa Lo Monaco,Pascal Gervois,Joel Beaumont,Peter Clegg,Annelies Bronckaers,Jean-Michel Vandeweerd,Ivo Lambrichts | | Cells. 2020; 9(4): 980 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Progenitor Cells Activated by Platelet Lysate in Human Articular Cartilage as a Tool for Future Cartilage Engineering and Reparative Strategies |
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| Simonetta Carluccio,Daniela Martinelli,Maria Elisabetta Federica Palamŕ,Rui Cruz Pereira,Roberto Benelli,Ana Guijarro,Ranieri Cancedda,Chiara Gentili | | Cells. 2020; 9(4): 1052 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis |
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| Luciano A. Rossi,Nicolás S. Piuzzi,Shane A. Shapiro | | JBJS Reviews. 2020; 8(2): e0075 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Management of Chronic Pain Syndrome in Knee Osteoarthritis with Selective Embolization of Popliteal Artery Branches: Review |
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| M. N. Kozadaev,I. N. Shchanitsyn,M. V. Girkalo,S. P. Bazhanov,V. Yu. Ulyanov,O. A. Kauts | | Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia. 2020; 26(4): 163 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
Systemic Review: Is an Intradiscal Injection of Platelet-Rich Plasma for Lumbar Disc Degeneration Effective? |
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| Takashi Hirase,Robert A Jack II,Kyle R Sochacki,Joshua D Harris,Bradley K Weiner | | Cureus. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Efficacy of Platelet-rich Plasma for Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |
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| Zhaopeng Xuan,Wenjun Yu,Yichen Dou,Tao Wang | | Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A: Central European Neurosurgery. 2020; 81(06): 529 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
Combination of low intensity electromagnetic field with chondrogenic agent induces chondrogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells with minimal hypertrophic side effects |
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| Roya Hesari,Mina Keshvarinia,Mahboubeh Kabiri,Iman Rad,Kazem Parivar,Hoorieh Hoseinpoor,Rezvan Tavakoli,Masoud Soleimani,Fatemeh Kouhkan,Soheila Zamanlui,Hana Hanaee-Ahvaz | | Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2020; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
Osteoarthritis of the shoulder in under-50 year-olds: A multicenter retrospective study of 273 shoulders by the French Society for Shoulder and Elbow (SOFEC) |
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| Jean Kany,Tewfik Benkalfate,Luc Favard,Philippe Teissier,Christophe Charousset,Pierre Henri Flurin,Bertrand Coulet,Laurent Hubert,Jérôme Garret,Philippe Valenti,Jean David Werthel,Nicolas Bonnevialle | | Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2020; : 102756 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
How to Choose Platelet-Rich Plasma or Hyaluronic Acid for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis in Overweight or Obese Patients: A Meta-Analysis |
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| Pan Luo,Zhencheng Xiong,Wei Sun,Lijun Shi,Fuqiang Gao,Zirong Li | | Pain Research and Management. 2020; 2020: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
Effect of platelet-rich plasma on healing in laser pilonidoplasty for pilonidal sinus disease |
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| Feyzi Kurt,Selim Sözen,Burhan Hakan Kanat,Nizamettin Kutluer,Onur Sakalli,Mehmet Gençtürk,Zekiye Kanat | | Lasers in Medical Science. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
The use of PRP injections in the management of knee osteoarthritis |
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| Brendan O’Connell,Nicholas Martin Wragg,Samantha Louise Wilson | | Cell and Tissue Research. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
Intra-articular Injection of Platelet-Rich Plasma Is Superior to Hyaluronic Acid or Saline Solution in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Triple-Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial |
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| Kuan-Yu Lin,Chia-Chi Yang,Chien-Jen Hsu,Ming-Long Yeh,Jenn-Huei Renn | | Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2019; 35(1): 106 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
Autologous platelet rich fibrin as a scaffold for chondrocyte culture and transplantation: An in vitro bovine study |
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| Elizabeth Vinod,Deepak Vinod Francis,Tripti Jacob,Soosai Manickam Amirtham,Solomon Sathishkumar,Praghalathan Kanthakumar,Vinay Oommen | | Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
Progress and Applications of Polyphosphate in Bone and Cartilage Regeneration |
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| Yan Wang,Min Li,Pei Li,Haijun Teng,Dehong Fan,Wennan Du,Zhiliang Guo | | BioMed Research International. 2019; 2019: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 37 |
Allogeneic platelet rich plasma serves as a scaffold for articular cartilage derived chondroprogenitors |
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| Elizabeth Vinod,Deepak Vinod Francis,Soosai Manickam Amirtham,Solomon Sathishkumar,P.R.J.V.C Boopalan | | Tissue and Cell. 2019; 56: 107 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 38 |
A randomized controlled trial of effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma gel and regular dressing on wound healing time in pilonidal sinus surgery: Role of different affecting factors |
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| Saeed Mohamadi,Amir Hossein Nooroznezhad,Shayan Mostafaei,Mohsen Nikbakht,Shirzad Nassiri,Hiva safar,Kamran Ali Moghaddam,Ardeshir Ghavamzadeh,Anoshirvan Kazemnejad | | Biomedical Journal. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 39 |
Interventional radiology techniques for pain reduction and mobility improvement in patients with knee osteoarthritis |
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| D. Filippiadis,G. Charalampopoulos,A. Mazioti,E. Alexopoulou,T. Vrachliotis,E. Brountzos,N. Kelekis,A. Kelekis | | Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 40 |
Use of Ultrasound-Guided Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection of the Sacroiliac Joint as a Treatment for Chronic Low Back Pain |
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| Devin Y Broadhead,Hannah E Douglas,Laurie M Bezjian Wallace,Patrick J Wallace,Sarah Tamura,Kyle C Morgan,Douglas E Hemler | | Military Medicine. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 41 |
Meta-analysis Comparing Platelet-Rich Plasma vs Hyaluronic Acid Injection in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis |
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| Yanhong Han,Hetao Huang,Jianke Pan,Jiongtong Lin,Lingfeng Zeng,Guihong Liang,Weiyi Yang,Jun Liu | | Pain Medicine. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 42 |
Platelet-Rich Fibrin Scaffolds for Cartilage and Tendon Regenerative Medicine: From Bench to Bedside |
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| Silvia Barbon,Elena Stocco,Veronica Macchi,Martina Contran,Francesca Grandi,Alessio Borean,Pier Parnigotto,Andrea Porzionato,Raffaele De Caro | | International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(7): 1701 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 43 |
Effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on pain, function and quality of life in knee osteoarthritis patients: a before-and-after study and review of the literature |
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| Marcos Edgar Fernández-Cuadros,Olga Susana Pérez-Moro,María Jesús Albaladejo-Florín,Beatriz Entrambasaguas-Estepa,Rubén Algarra-López | | MOJ Orthopedics & Rheumatology. 2018; 1(3) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 44 |
Platelet lysate as a novel serum-free media supplement for the culture of equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells |
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| Maria C. Naskou,Scarlett M. Sumner,Anna Chocallo,Hannah Kemelmakher,Merrilee Thoresen,Ian Copland,Jacques Galipeau,John F. Peroni | | Stem Cell Research & Therapy. 2018; 9(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 45 |
Amorphous, Smart, and Bioinspired Polyphosphate Nano/Microparticles: A Biomaterial for Regeneration and Repair of Osteo-Articular Impairments In-Situ |
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| Werner Müller,Meik Neufurth,Shunfeng Wang,Maximilian Ackermann,Rafael Muńoz-Espí,Qingling Feng,Qiang Lu,Heinz Schröder,Xiaohong Wang | | International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(2): 427 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 46 |
Could Platelet-Rich Plasma Be a Clinical Treatment for Horses With Laminitis? |
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| Jorge U. Carmona,Wilson A. Gómez,Catalina López | | Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2018; 61: 46 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 47 |
Pharmakotherapie bei Arthroseschmerzen |
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| T. A. Nees,M. Schiltenwolf | | Der Schmerz. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 48 |
Intraarticular injection autologous platelet-rich plasma and bone marrow concentrate in a goat osteoarthritis model |
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| Zhen Wang,Chenjun Zhai,Hao Fei,Junzheng Hu,Weiding Cui,Zhen Wang,Zeng Li,Weimin Fan | | Journal of Orthopaedic Research®. 2018; 36(8): 2140 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 49 |
Current Concepts and Future Directions of Minimally Invasive Treatment for Knee Pain |
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| Daryl T. Goldman,Rachel Piechowiak,Daniel Nissman,Sandeep Bagla,Ari Isaacson | | Current Rheumatology Reports. 2018; 20(9) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 50 |
Pharmakotherapie bei Arthroseschmerzen |
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| T. A. Nees,M. Schiltenwolf | | rheuma plus. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 51 |
Trace element and cytokine concentrations in patients with Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP): A case control study |
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| Laura Hildebrand,Timo Gaber,Peter Kühnen,Rolf Morhart,Heinz Unterbörsch,Lutz Schomburg,Petra Seemann | | Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2017; 39: 186 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 52 |
A Prospective Study Comparing Platelet-Rich Plasma and Local Anesthetic (LA)/Corticosteroid in Intra-Articular Injection for the Treatment of Lumbar Facet Joint Syndrome |
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| Jiuping Wu,Jingjing Zhou,Chibing Liu,Jun Zhang,Wei Xiong,Yang Lv,Rui Liu,Ruiqiang Wang,Zhenwu Du,Guizhen Zhang,Qinyi Liu | | Pain Practice. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 53 |
Responders to Platelet-Rich Plasma in Osteoarthritis: A Technical Analysis |
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| Christophe Milants,Olivier Bruyčre,Jean-François Kaux | | BioMed Research International. 2017; 2017: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 54 |
Evaluation of platelet-rich plasma gel potential in acceleration of wound healing duration in patients underwent pilonidal sinus surgery: A randomized controlled parallel clinical trial |
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| Saeed Mohammadi,Shirzad Nasiri,Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi,Ashraf Malek Mohammadi,Mohsen Nikbakht,Mahdi Zahed Panah,Hiva Safar,Shayan Mostafaei,Amir Hossein Norooznezhad,Ahmad Reza Soroosh,Kamran Alimoghaddam,Ardeshir Ghavamzadeh | | Transfusion and Apheresis Science. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 55 |
An overview of platelet products (PRP, PRGF, PRF, etc.) in the Iranian studies |
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| Seyed Ahmad Raeissadat,Marzieh Babaee,Seyed Mansour Rayegani,Zahra Hashemi,Amir Ali Hamidieh,Parviz Mojgani,Hossein Fouladi Vanda | | Future Science OA. 2017; : FSO231 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 56 |
Influence of cartilage interstitial fluid on gene expression in cruciate ligament fibroblasts |
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| Anna Osiecka-Iwan,Stanislaw Moskalewski,Anna Kosowska,Anna Hyc | | Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 57 |
Injectable Biological Treatments for Osteoarthritis of the Knee |
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| Maxwell E. Weinberg,Daniel James Kaplan,Hien Pham,David Goodwin,Andrew Dold,Ernest Chiu,Laith M. Jazrawi | | JBJS Reviews. 2017; 5(4): e2 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 58 |
Platelet-Rich Plasma Derived Growth Factors Contribute to Stem Cell Differentiation in Musculoskeletal Regeneration |
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| Yun Qian,Qixin Han,Wei Chen,Jialin Song,Xiaotian Zhao,Yuanming Ouyang,Weien Yuan,Cunyi Fan | | Frontiers in Chemistry. 2017; 5 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 59 |
Evaluation of wound healing in diabetic foot ulcer using platelet-rich plasma gel: A single-arm clinical trial |
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| Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi,Behnam Molavi,Saeed Mohammadi,Mohsen Nikbakht,Ashraf Malek Mohammadi,Shayan Mostafaei,Amir Hossein Norooznezhad,Ali Ghorbani Abdegah,Ardeshir Ghavamzadeh | | Transfusion and Apheresis Science. 2016; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 60 |
Combined treatment with platelet-rich plasma and insulin favours chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells in three-dimensional collagen scaffolds |
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| Maria Giovanna Scioli,Alessandra Bielli,Pietro Gentile,Valerio Cervelli,Augusto Orlandi | | Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. 2016; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 61 |
Efficacy of Intra-articular Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review |
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| Carlos J. Meheux,Patrick C. McCulloch,David M. Lintner,Kevin E. Varner,Joshua D. Harris | | Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2015; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 62 |
Natural-Based Nanocomposites for Bone Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: A Review |
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| Sandra Pina,Joaquim M. Oliveira,Rui L. Reis | | Advanced Materials. 2015; : n/a | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
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