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Potent health effects of pomegranate
Aida Zarfeshany1, Sedigheh Asgary2, Shaghayegh Haghjoo Javanmard1
1 Physiology Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2 Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| Date of Submission | 28-Sep-2012 |
| Date of Acceptance | 13-Nov-2012 |
| Date of Web Publication | 25-Mar-2014 |
Correspondence Address:
Sedigheh Asgary
Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
Iran
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.129371
Accumulating data clearly claimed that Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) has several health benefits. Pomegranates can help prevent or treat various disease risk factors including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and inflammatory activities. It is demonstrated that certain components of pomegranate such as polyphenols have potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic effects. The antioxidant potential of pomegranate juice is more than that of red wine and green tea, which is induced through ellagitannins and hydrosable tannins. Pomegranate juice can reduce macrophage oxidative stress, free radicals, and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, pomegranate fruit extract prevents cell growth and induces apoptosis, which can lead to its anticarcinogenic effects. In addition, promoter inhibition of some inflammatory markers and their production are blocked via ellagitannins. In this article, we highlight different studies on the therapeutic effects of pomegranate and their suggested mechanisms of actions. Keywords: Antioxidant, inflammatory activities, pomegranate
How to cite this article:
Zarfeshany A, Asgary S, Javanmard SH. Potent health effects of pomegranate. Adv Biomed Res 2014;3:100 |
| Introduction | |  |
Punica granatum L. (Pomegranate) is a long-lived and drought-tolerant plant. Arid and semiarid zones are popular for growing pomegranate trees. They are widely cultivated in Iran, India, and the Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Egypt, Tunisia, Spain, and Morocco. [1] However, pomegranate is categorized as a berry but it belongs to its own botanical family, Punicaceae. The only genus is Punica, with one predominant species called P. granatum. [2]
The trees can grow up to 30 feet in height. The leaves are opposite, narrow, oblong with 3-7 cm long and 2 cm broad. It has bright red, orange, or pink flowers, which are 3 cm in diameter with four to five petals. Edible fruit has a rounded hexagonal shape, with 5-12 cm in diameter and weighing 200 g. The thick skin surrounds around 600 arils, which encapsulates the seeds. [3]
| Chemical Composition | | |
Seed
About 18% of dried and cleaned white seeds are oil. The oil is rich in punicic acid (65%), which is a triple conjugated 18-carbon fatty acid [Figure 1]. There are some phytoestrogen compounds in pomegranate seeds that have sex steroid hormones similar to those in humankind. The 17-alpha-estradiol is a mirror-image version of estrogen. [3] | Figure 1: Chemical structure of punicic acid (9Z,11E,13Z-octadeca- 9,11,13-trienoic acid)
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Juice and peel
Pomegranate juice is a good source of fructose, sucrose, and glucose. It also has some of the simple organic acids such as ascorbic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, and malic acid. In addition, it contains small amounts of all amino acids, specifically proline, methionine, and valine. Both the juice and peel are rich in polyphenols. The largest classes include tannins and flavonoids [Figure 2] that indicate pharmacological potential of pomegranate due to their strange antioxidative and preservative activities. [3] | Figure 2: (a) Flavone backbone (2-phenyl-1, 4-benzopyrone). (b) Tannic acid
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Ellagitannin is a type of tannins; it can be broken down into hydroxybenzoic acid such as ellagic acid. It is widely used in plastic surgeries, which prevents skin flap's death due to its antioxidant activity. Two other ellagitannins that are found in both pomegranate juice and peel are punicalagin and punicalin. Several classes of pomegranate flavonoids include anthocyanins, flavan 3-ols, and flavonols. Pomegranate juice and peel have catechins with a high antioxidant activity. They are essential compounds of anthocyanin's production with antioxidant and inflammatory role. Anthocyanins cause the red color of juice, which is not found in the peel. All pomegranate flavonoids show antioxidant activity with indirect inhibition of inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). [3]
Bark and roots
The pomegranate tree's bark and roots are rich sources of chemicals called alkaloids. They are carbon-based substances; they were used to treat worms in the human gastrointestinal tract in traditional medicine. [3]
[Table 1] Shows pomegranate's nutrient values for 100 g of raw edible portion [4]
Health effects
Prostate cancer
After lung cancer, the second leading cause of male cancer death is prostate cancer worldwide. Its progress before onset of symptoms is slow; therefore, pharmacological and nutritional interventions could affect the quality of patient's life by delaying its development. [5]
It was shown that pomegranate fruit could be used in the treatment of human prostate cancer because it could inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis. [6] It leads to induction of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bak) and downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-xL and Bcl-2). [6] Moreover, the presence of NFkB and cell viability of prostate cancer cell lines has been inhibited when using pomegranate fruit extract, because it blocks NFkB. [7] Polyphenols of fermented juice and pomegranate oil can inhibit the proliferation of LNCaP (epithelial cell line derived from a human prostate carcinoma), PC-3, and DU145 human prostate cancer cell lines. These effects were the result of changes in cell cycle distribution and apoptosis induction. [6] In addition, it is reported that pomegranate fruit extract oral administration in nude mice implanted with androgen-sensitive CWR22RV1 cells caused significant decrease in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and inhibited tumor growth. [7] Besides, the observed increase in NFkB activity during androgen dependence to androgen independence transition in the LAPC4 xenograft model was terminated. [8]
Breast cancer
Fermented pomegranate juice has double the antiproliferative effect compared to fresh pomegranate juice in human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line isolated in 1970 from a 69-year-old Caucasian woman) and MB-MDA-231. In addition, pomegranate seed oil caused 90% prevention of proliferation of MCF-7 cells. [9],[10]
Lung cancer
Pomegranate fruit extract can inhibit several signaling pathways, which can be used in the treatment of human lung cancer. Pathways include Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) PI3K/Akt and NFkB. In addition, there was a 4 day delay in the appearance of tumors (from 15 to 19 days) in mice implanted with A549 cells. [10] These studies indicate the chemopreventive effects of pomegranate fruit extract. [3]
Colon cancer
Adams et al. [11] have reported the anti-inflammatory effects of pomegranate juice on the signaling proteins in HT-29 human colon cancer cell line. Reduction in phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NFkB, its binding to the NFkB response, and 79% inhibition in TNF-α protein expression have been observed with 50 mg/L concentration of pomegranate extract.
Skin cancer
It has been demonstrated that pomegranate oil has chemopreventive efficacy in mice. Reduced tumor incidence (7%), decrease in tumor numbers, reduction in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity (17%), significant inhibition in elevated Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)-mediated skin edema and hyperplasia, protein expression of ODC and COX-2, and epidermal ODC activity have been reported with pomegranate oil treatments. [12],[13] Pomegranate extract in various concentrations (5-60 mg/L) was effective against UVA- and UVB-induced damage in SKU-1064 fibroblast cells of human, which was relevant in reducing NFkB transcription, downregulating proapoptotic caspase-3, and elevating the G0/G1 phase associated with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair. [14]
Cardiovascular diseases
Pomegranate juice is an affluent source of polyphenols with high antioxidative potential. Moreover, its antiatherogenic, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory effects have been shown in limited studies in human and murine models. [15]
Hypertension is the most common disease in primary care of patients. It is found in comorbidity with diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and the majority of patients do not tend to be medicated. Pomegranate juice prevents the activity of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme and reduces systolic blood pressure. [16] Angiotensin II acute subcutaneous administration causes increased blood pressure in diabetic Wistar rats. It has been shown that pomegranate juice administration (100 mg/kg) for 4 weeks could reduce the mean arterial blood pressure. [17] Pomegranate juice consumption resulted in 30% decrease in carotid intima-media thickness after 1 year. The patient's serum paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) activity showed 83% increase, whereas both serum low dwnsity lipoprotein (LDL) basal oxidative state and LDL susceptibility to copper ion significantly decreased by 90% and 95%, respectively. [18]
Punicic acid, which is the main constituent of pomegranate seed oil, has antiatherogenic effects. In a study on 51 hyperlipidemic patients, pomegranate seed oil was administered twice a day (800 mg/day) for 4 weeks. There was a significant decrease in triglycerides (TG) and TG: High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio by 2.75 mmol/L and 5.7 mmol/L, respectively, whereas serum cholesterol, LDL-C, and glucose concentration remained unchanged. [19]
High plasma LDL concentration is the major risk factor for atherosclerosis. Therefore, LDL modifications, including oxidation, retention, and aggregation, play a key role in atherosclerosis as well. Studies have shown that consuming pomegranate juice for 2 weeks resulted in declined retention and aggregation of LDL susceptibility and increased activity of serum paraoxonase (a protective lipid peroxidation esterase related to HDL) by 20% in humans. Pomegranate juice administration in mice for 14 weeks showed reduced LDL oxidation by peritoneal macrophages by more than 90%, which was because of reduced cellular lipid peroxidation and superoxide release. The uptake of oxidized LDL showed 20% reduction in mice. The size of atherosclerotic lesions reduced by 44% after pomegranate juice supplementation. [20] Moreover, pomegranate juice administration to apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with advanced atherosclerosis for 2 months reduced oxidized LDL (31%) and increased macrophage cholesterol efflux (39%). [21]
In cultured human endothelial cells and hypercholesterolemic mice, both pomegranate juice and fruit extract reduced the activation of ELK-1 and p-CREB (oxidation-sensitive responsive genes) and elevated the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. It is suggested that polyphenolic antioxidant compounds in pomegranate juice are responsible for the reduction of oxidative stress and atherogenesis. [22]
In another study, [23] concentrated pomegranate juice was shown to reduce heart disease risk factors. Administration of concentrated pomegranate juice to 22 diabetic type 2 patients with hyperlipidemia could significantly reduce TC, LDL-C, LDL-C: HDL-C ratio, and TC: HDL-C ratio. However, it was unable to decrease serum TG and HDL-C concentrations.
Oral administration of pomegranate flower aqueous extract in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced albino Wistar rats in both 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg doses for 21 days could significantly reduce fibrinogen (FBG), TC, TG, LDL-C, and tissue lipid peroxidation level and increased the level of HDL-C and glutathione content. [24]
Heart fibrosis increases among diabetics, which results in impairing cardiac function. Endothelin (ET)-1 and NFkB are interactive fibroblast growth regulators. It is suggested that pomegranate flower extract (500 mg/kg/day) in Zucker diabetic fatty rats could reduce the ratios of van Gieson-stained interstitial collagen deposit area to a total left ventricular area and perivascular collagen deposit areas to coronary artery media area in the heart and diminishes cardiac fibrosis in these rats. In addition, overexpressed cardiac fibronectin and collagen I and II messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were inhibited. It also decreased the upregulated cardiac mRNA expression of ET-1, ETA, inhibitor-kBβ, and c-jun. Pomegranate flower extract is a dual activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and g and improves hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and fatty heart in diabetic fatty Zucker rats. [25],[26]
Punicic acid caused a dose-dependent increase in PPAR alpha and gamma reporter activity in 3T3-L1 cells. Dietary punicic acid reduced plasma glucose, suppressed NFkB activation and unregulated TNF-α expression and PPAR-α/g responsive genes in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. [27]
Pomegranate leaf extract was administered (400 and 800 mg/kg/day) to high-fat-diet-induced obese and hyperlipidemic mouse models for 5 weeks. The results indicated significant reduction in body weight, energy intake (based on food intake), serum total cholesterol (TC), TG, FBG, and TC/HDL-C ratio. Intestinal fat absorption was inhibited as well. [28]
The high fat diet (HFD) with 1% pomegranate seed oil (rich source of punicic acid) was administered for 12 weeks to induce obesity and insulin resistance in mice. The pomegranate seed oil-fed group exhibited lower body weight (4%) and body fat mass (3.1%) compared with only HFD-fed mice. A clear improvement was observed in peripheral insulin sensitivity (70%) in pomegranate seed oil-administered rats. [29]
Fatty liver is the most common abnormal liver function among diabetics. Pomegranate flower was examined for its antidiabetic effects on diabetic type II and obese Zucker rats. Rats fed with 500 mg/kg/day of pomegranate flower extract for 6 weeks showed decreased ratio of liver weight to tibia length, lipid droplets, and hepatic TG contents. In addition, it increased PPRA-α and Acyl-COA oxidase mRNA levels in HepG2 cells. [30]
In a study by de Nigris et al., [31] they compared the influence of pomegranate fruit extract with pomegranate juice on nitric oxide and arterial function in obese Zucker rats. They have demonstrated that both pomegranate fruit extract and juice significantly reduced the vascular inflammatory markers expression, thrombospondin, and cytokine TGFP 1. Increased plasma nitrite and nitrate were observed with administration of either pomegranate fruit or juice.
Many studies have reported the anti-inflammatory potential of pomegranate extract. In a study on 30 Sprague-Dawley rats with acute inflammation due to myringotomy, it was observed that 100 μl/day of pomegranate extract could significantly reduce reactive-oxygen species (ROS) levels. The extract was administered 1 day before and 2 days after surgery. Reduced thickness of lamina propria and vessel density was reported as well. [32] Both ellagitannins and ellagic acid are the main components of pomegranate extract, which have anti-inflammatory properties. They are metabolized by gut microbiota to yield urolithins. It is suggested that urolithins are the main components responsible for the anti-inflammation properties of pomegranate. It is suggested that NFkB activation, MAPK downregulation of COX-2, and mPGES-1 expression were inhibited through a decrease in PGE2 production. [33] Neutrophils play key roles in inflammatory processes by releasing great amounts of ROS generated by NADPH-oxidase and myeloperoxidase. It is indicated that punicic acid exhibited a potent anti-inflammatory effect via prevention of TNF-α-induced priming of NADPH oxidase by targeting the p38MAPKinase/Ser 345-p 47 phox-axis and releasing MPO. [34] Hyperglycemia results in oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus, which is a major factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Results suggested that pomegranate extract, owing to its polyphenol-rich antioxidants (oleanolic, ursolic, and gallic acids), could prevent cardiovascular complications through decrease in LDL, increase in HDL, serum paraoxonase 1 stability and activity, and nitric oxide production. [35],[36],[37]
Osteoarthritis
The most common forms of arthritis are osteoarthritis and its major progressive degenerative joint disease, which could affect joint functions and quality of life in patients. It is mediated by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-α. MAPKs are important due to their inflammatory and cartilage damage regulation. [38] P38-MAPKs are responsible for regulating cytokine production, neutrophils activation, apoptosis, and nitric oxide synthesis. The MAPK family phosphorylates a number of transcription factors such as runt-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX-2). [39],[40],[41]
Pomegranate extract, with its rich source of polyphenols, can inhibit IL-1 β-induced activation of MKK3, DNA-binding activity of RUNX-2 transcription factor, and p38 α-MAPK isoform. [38]
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that affects 0.5-1% of people worldwide. Women are afflicted more than men. This inflammatory disease is characterized by inflammation and bone erosion. [38],[39] Critical mediators in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis are TNF-α, IL-1 β, MCP1, Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and COX-2-agents, which are stimulated by p38-MAPK and NFkB activation. [42],[43]
It is shown that pomegranate extract could reduce the onset and incidence of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Severity of arthritis, joint inflammation, and IL-6 level were significantly reduced in pomegranate extract-fed mice. [44]
Antimicrobial/fungal effect
Since bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs is increasing, medicinal plants have been considered as alternative agents. Pomegranate has been widely approved for its antimicrobial properties. [4],[45],[46] It has been shown that dried powder of pomegranate peel has a high inhibition of Candida albicans. [47] In addition, antimicrobial effects of both methanol and dichloromethane pomegranate extracts have been demonstrated on the Candida genus yeast as pathogen-causing disease in immunosuppressive host. [48] Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (multiple antibiotics resistant) produce panta valentine leukocidin (PVL) toxin, which can lead to higher levels of morbidity and mortality. [49],[50] It is indicated that a combination of pomegranate peel extract with Cu (II) ions exhibit enhanced antimicrobial effects against isolated MSSA, MRSA, and PVL. [51] One of the leading etiological bacteria of urinary tract infections is Escherichia More Details Coli. Strong antibacterial activity of ethanol extract against E. coli has been shown. [52]
Skin
Solar ultraviolet radiations are the primary causes of many biological effects such as photoaging and skin cancer. These radiations resulted in DNA damage, protein oxidation, and matrix metalloproteinases induction. In one study, the effects of pomegranate juice, extract, and oil were examined against UVB-mediated damage. These products caused a decrease in UVB-induced protein expression of c-Fos and phosphorylation of c-Jun. [53] On the other hand, production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 β and IL-6 was decreased by topical application of 10 micromol/L of ellagic acid. The inflammatory macrophages infiltration was blocked in the integuments of SKH-1 hairless UVB-exposed mice for 8 weeks. [54]
Dental effects
The interbacterial coaggregations and these bacterial interactions with yeasts are related to the maintenance of oral microbiota. It is indicated that dried, powdered pomegranate peel shows a strong inhibition of C. albicans with a mean zone of 22 mm. [55] In another study, the antiplaque effect of pomegranate mouth rinse has been reported. [56] In addition, hydroalcoholic extract of pomegranate was very effective against dental plaque microorganisms (84% decrease (cfu/ml)). [57]
Reproductive system
One of the main constituents (16%) of the methanolic pomegranate seed extract is beta-sitosterol. It is suggested that the extract is a potent phasic activity stimulator in rat uterus, which happens due to the non-estrogenic effects of beta-sitosterol on inhibiting sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase (SERCA) and K channel, which resulted in contraction by calcium entry on L-type calcium channels and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). [58] It is demonstrated that pomegranate fruit extract has an embryonic protective nature against adrianycin-induced oxidative stress (adrianycin is a chemotherapeutic drug used in cancer treatment). [59] Moreover, pomegranate juice consumption could increase epididymal sperm concentration, motility, spermatogenic cell density, diameter of seminiferous tubules and germinal cell layer thickness. [60]
Alzheimer
Hartman et al. [61] showed that mice treated by pomegranate juice have 50% less soluble Abeta 42 accumulation and amyloid deposition in the hippocampus, which could be considered for Alzheimer's disease improvement.
Malaria
In the presence of pomegranate fruit rind, the induced MMP-9 mRNA levels by haemozoin or TNF was decreased, which may be attributed to the antiparasitic activity and the inhibition of the proinflammatory mechanisms responsible in the onset of cerebral malaria. [62],[63]
HIV
The anti-HIV-1 microbicide of pomegranate juice blocks virus binding to CD4 and CXCR4/CCR5, thereby preventing infection by primary virus clades A to G and group O. [64]
Wound healing
Use of pomegranate extract and flower showed significant reduction in wound area and increased the well-organized bands of collagen, fibroblasts, and few inflammatory cells. [65],[66] Properties of elevated wound contraction and the period of epithelialization, collagen, and protein synthesis were reported in hydroalcoholic pomegranate extract. [67]
Mechanisms of action
Pomegranate can induce its beneficial effects through its various metabolites. The antioxidant and antiatherosclerotic potentials of pomegranate are mainly relevant to the high polyphenol concentrations in pomegranate fruit such as ellagitannins and hydrolysable tannins. [68] COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes and IL-1 β activity can be inhibited by pomegranate fruit extract. [69]
It is suggested that pomegranate can antagonize the stimulation of mRNA of MMP-9 in THP-1/monocytes. The whole fruit and compounds inhibit TNF-induced MMP-9 promoter activity. [41] Urolithins are metabolites that are metabolized by the human intestinal microflora. These compounds decreased MMP-9 sretion and mRNA levels induced by HZ or TNF. It is suggested that ellagitannins are responsible for the control of excessive production of MMP-9, which could result in decreased production of noxious cytokine TNF. [70] TNF cytokines promote NFkB binding to target sequences while inducing transcription of several genes such as the MMP-9 gene. [71] Ellagitannins prevent NFkB promoter activity by blocking NFkB-driven transcription and affecting the entire cytokine cascade. Ellagitannins inhibit the activation of inflammatory pathways such as MAPK. [40] In addition, pomegranate compounds could inhibit angiogenesis through the downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in cancers. [4]
Drug interactions involving pomegranate
Therapeutic benefits of pomegranate in various diseases would lead to an increase in its consumption. [72] It is important that pomegranate consumption does not affect the oral bioavailability of drugs. [73]
A study on human liver microsomes has shown the inhibitory effect of pomegranate juice on CYP2CP (a gene that codes for an enzyme to break down warfarin in the body) and increased bioavailability of tolbutamide (substrate for CYP2CP) in rats. Moreover, it is suggested that pomegranate may inhibit cytochrome P450-3A (CYP3A)-mediated carbamazepine metabolism. [4],[74],[75]
Pomegranate safety
Many studies have been carried out on the different components derived from pomegranate but no adverse effects have been reported in the examined dosage. Histopathological studies on both sexes of OF-1 mice confirmed the non-toxic effects of the polyphenol antioxidant punicalagin. Besides, in a study on 86 overweight human subjects who received 1420 mg/day of pomegranate fruit extract in tablet form for 28 days, no side effects or adverse changes in urine or blood of individuals were reported. [4],[76]
Products and supplementation
Apart from fruit, pomegranate is available in various forms such as bottled juice (fresh or concentrated), powdered capsules, and tablets, which are derived from seed, fermented juice, peel, leaf and flower, gelatin capsules of seed oil extracts, dry or beverage tea from leaves or seeds, and other food productions such as jams, jellies, sauces, salad dressings, and vinegars. Anardana, which is the powdered form of pomegranate seed, is used as a form of spice. [3]
| Conclusion | | |
Pomegranate is a potent antioxidant. This fruit is rich in flavonoids, anthocyanins, punicic acid, ellagitannins, alkaloids, fructose, sucrose, glucose, simple organic acids, and other components and has antiatherogenic, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory properties. Pomegranate can be used in the prevention and treatment of several types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other diseases. In addition, it improves wound healing and is beneficial to the reproductive system. Pomegranate can induce its beneficial effects through the influence of its various bioavailable constituents and metabolites on gene expression. Although many in vitro, animal and clinical trials have been carried out to examine and prove the therapeutic effects of these compounds, further human trials and studies are necessary to understand the therapeutic potentials of pomegranate.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1]
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Comparison between Fermentation and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction: Which Is the Most Efficient Method to Obtain Antioxidant Polyphenols from Sambucus nigra and Punica granatum Fruits? |
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| Luana Beatriz dos Santos Nascimento,Antonella Gori,Ilaria Degano,Alessandro Mandoli,Francesco Ferrini,Cecilia Brunetti | | Horticulturae. 2021; 7(10): 386 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 46 |
Modulation of Autophagy in Cancer Cells by Dietary Polyphenols |
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| Claudia Musial,Kamila Siedlecka-Kroplewska,Zbigniew Kmiec,Magdalena Gorska-Ponikowska | | Antioxidants. 2021; 10(1): 123 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 47 |
Morphological Characterization of Southern Jalisco, Mexico, Pomegranate Genotypes Using AFLP Markers |
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| Ernesto Tapia-Campos,Jessica del Pilar Ramírez-Anaya,Adriana Cavazos-Garduño,Julio C. Serrano-Niño,Javier Cuauhtémoc Fragoso-Jiménez,Ma. Claudia Castañeda-Saucedo | | Agronomy. 2021; 11(8): 1449 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 48 |
Exploration of the Potential of Terrestrial and Marine Biodiversity for the Development of Local Nutraceutical Products: A Case for Mauritius |
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| Hafsah Ramjane, Theeshan Bahorun, Brinda Ramasawmy, Deena Ramful-Baboolall, Navindra Boodia, Okezie I. Aruoma, Vidushi S. Neergheen | | American Journal of Biopharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021; 1: 3 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 49 |
Anti-cancer Effects of Pomegranate Seed Oil on Esophageal Cancer Cell Line (KYSE-30) |
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| Maryam Zare,Heydar Shaverdi,Soheila Ebrahimi Vosta kalaee | | Gene, Cell and Tissue. 2021; In Press(In Press) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 50 |
Preclinical Evaluation of Oral Urolithin-A for the Treatment of Acute Campylobacteriosis in Campylobacter jejuni Infected Microbiota-Depleted IL-10-/- Mice |
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| Soraya Mousavi,Dennis Weschka,Stefan Bereswill,Markus M. Heimesaat | | Pathogens. 2020; 10(1): 7 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 51 |
Microencapsulated Pomegranate Modifies the Composition and Function of High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) in New Zealand Rabbits |
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| Alan Dorantes-Morales,Diego Estrada-Luna,Rocío Bautista-Pérez,Gabriel Betanzos-Cabrera,María Luna-Luna,Cristóbal Flores-Castillo,Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón,José Manuel Fragoso,Óscar Pérez-Méndez,Elizabeth Carreón-Torres | | Molecules. 2020; 25(14): 3297 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 52 |
Assessment of the Biological Activity and Phenolic Composition of Ethanol Extracts of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peels |
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| Željka Peršuric,Lara Saftic Martinovic,Mladenka Malenica,Ivana Gobin,Sandra Pedisic,Verica Dragovic-Uzelac,Sandra Kraljevic Pavelic | | Molecules. 2020; 25(24): 5916 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 53 |
Intraluminal infusion of Penta-Galloyl Glucose reduces abdominal aortic aneurysm development in the elastase rat model |
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| Asbjørn Sune Schack,Jane Stubbe,Lasse Bach Steffensen,Hend Mahmoud,Malene Skaarup Laursen,Jes Sanddal Lindholt,Michael Bader | | PLOS ONE. 2020; 15(8): e0234409 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 54 |
Green Tea and Pomegranate Extract Administered During Critical Moments of the Production Cycle Improves Blood Antiradical Activity and Alters Cecal Microbial Ecology of Broiler Chickens |
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| Vera Perricone,Marcello Comi,Carlotta Giromini,Raffaella Rebucci,Alessandro Agazzi,Giovanni Savoini,Valentino Bontempo | | Animals. 2020; 10(5): 785 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 55 |
The anti-arrhythmic effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum) are mainly mediated by nitric oxide |
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| Hamideh Kazemirad,Hamid Reza Kazerani | | Journal of Berry Research. 2020; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 56 |
Nanophytomedicines for the Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome: A Pharmacological and Biopharmaceutical Review |
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| Zeinab Nouri,Marziyeh Hajialyani,Zhila Izadi,Roodabeh Bahramsoltani,Mohammad Hosein Farzaei,Mohammad Abdollahi | | Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2020; 8 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 57 |
Traditional Decoction and PUAE Aqueous Extracts of Pomegranate Peels as Potential Low-Cost Anti-Tyrosinase Ingredients |
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| Federica Turrini,Paola Malaspina,Paolo Giordani,Silvia Catena,Paola Zunin,Raffaella Boggia | | Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(8): 2795 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 58 |
Pomegranate Mesocarp against Colitis-Induced Visceral Pain in Rats: Effects of a Decoction and Its Fractions |
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| Carmen Parisio,Elena Lucarini,Laura Micheli,Alessandra Toti,Mohamad Khatib,Nadia Mulinacci,Laura Calosi,Daniele Bani,Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli,Carla Ghelardini | | International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(12): 4304 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 59 |
Antiosteoarthritic effect of
Punica granatum
L. peel extract on collagenase induced osteoarthritis rat by modulation of
COL
-2,
MMP
-3, and
COX
-2 expression |
|
| Neelam Shivnath,Vineeta Rawat,Sahabjada Siddiqui,Sushma Verma,Pragya Gupta,Juhi Rais,Mohd Sajid Khan,Md Arshad | | Environmental Toxicology. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 60 |
Evaluating the effects of different beverages with daily consumption habits on the wear of restorative materials |
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| Magrur Kazak,Murat Tiryaki,Elif Turkes Basaran,Yasemin Benderli Gokce | | Odontology. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 61 |
Dentin erosion preventive effects of various plant extracts: An in vitro atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and nanoindentation study |
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| Ayca Sarialioglu Gungor,Nazmiye Donmez | | Microscopy Research and Technique. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 62 |
Production of polygalacturonase using Carica papaya peel biowaste and its application for pomegranate juice clarification |
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| Mukesh Kumar Patidar,Sadhana Nighojkar,Anil Kumar,Anand Nighojkar | | Environmental Sustainability. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 63 |
Nutraceuticals and blood pressure control |
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| Claudio Borghi,Konstantinos Tsioufis,Enrico Agabiti-Rosei,Michel Burnier,Arrigo F.G. Cicero,Denis Clement,Antonio Coca,Giovambattista Desideri,Guido Grassi,Dragan Lovic,Empar Lurbe,Thomas Kahan,Reinhold Kreutz,Bojan Jelakovic,Jorge Polonia,Josep Redon,Philippe Van De Borne,Giuseppe Mancia | | Journal of Hypertension. 2020; 38(5): 799 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 64 |
Potential Tropical Fruits to Aid Sports Performance and its Prospect to be Developed into Nano supplement |
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| L Chabib,A M B Trianloka,A U M J Hidayat,R Awaluddin,F Firmansyah | | IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2020; 448: 012019 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 65 |
Pomegranate-derived anthocyanin regulates MORs-cAMP/CREB-BDNF pathways in opioid-dependent models and improves cognitive impairments |
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| Norhaslinda Ridzwan,Mimie Noratiqah Jumli,Atif Amin Baig,Mohd Adzim Khalili Rohin | | Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 66 |
Polyphenols profile of pomegranate leaves and their role in green synthesis of silver nanoparticles |
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| Noha Swilam,Khaled A. Nematallah | | Scientific Reports. 2020; 10(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 67 |
Effects of natural polyphenol-rich pomegranate juice on the acute and delayed response of Homocysteine and steroidal hormones following weightlifting exercises: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial |
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| Achraf Ammar,Achraf MounaTurki,Khaled Trabelsi,Nicola Luigi Bragazzi,Omar Boukhris,Mohamed Bouaziz,Fatma Ayadi,Kais El Abed,Tarak Driss,Nizar Souissi,Hamdi Chtourou,Stephen J. Bailey,Anita Hoekelmann | | Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2020; 17(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 68 |
Evaluating the Role of Punica Granatum and Rosuvastatin in an Experimental Model of Alzheimer’s Disease |
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| Fariha Fatima,Fardan Qadeer,Afroz Abidi,Dilshad Ali Rizvi | | Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 2020; 13(4): 2101 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 69 |
Efficacy of Qurs-e-Gulnar in Ziabetus (type 2 Diabetes Mellitus): a single blind randomized controlled trial |
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| Khalid Eqbal,Md. Anzar Alam,Mohd Aleemuddin Quamri,Ghulamuddin Sofi,Muzafar Din Ahmad Bhat | | Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 2020; 0(0) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 70 |
Punica granatum L. (Pomegranate): A Potential Anti-microbial Agent |
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| Aida Doostkam,Kamyar Iravani,Shahindokht Bassiri-Jahromi | | Anti-Infective Agents. 2020; 18(1): 2 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 71 |
Modern pediatric formulations of the soft candies in the form of a jelly: determination of metoclopramide content and dissolution |
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| Sofia G. Karaiskou,Maria G. Kouskoura,Catherine K. Markopoulou | | Pharmaceutical Development and Technology. 2019; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 72 |
Punica Granatum with Multiple Effects in Chronic Diseases |
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| Aida Doostkam,Shahindokht Bassiri-Jahromi,Kamyar Iravani | | International Journal of Fruit Science. 2019; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 73 |
Nutrients and Nutraceuticals for the Management of High Normal Blood Pressure: An Evidence-Based Consensus Document |
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| Arrigo F. G. Cicero,Davide Grassi,Giuliano Tocci,Ferruccio Galletti,Claudio Borghi,Claudio Ferri | | High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention. 2019; 26(1): 9 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 74 |
Acute Effects of Hesperidin in Oxidant/Antioxidant State Markers and Performance in Amateur Cyclists |
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| Francisco Javier Martínez-Noguera,Cristian Marín-Pagán,Jorge Carlos-Vivas,Jacobo A. Rubio-Arias,Pedro E. Alcaraz | | Nutrients. 2019; 11(8): 1898 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 75 |
Comparative evaluation of bioactive compounds of various cultivars of pomegranate (Punica granatum) in different world regions |
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| Shahindokht Bassiri-Jahromi,Aida Doostkam MD | | AIMS Agriculture and Food. 2018; 4(1): 41 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 76 |
Maternal pomegranate juice attenuates maternal inflammation–induced fetal brain injury by inhibition of apoptosis, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and NF-?B in a rat model |
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| Yuval Ginsberg,Nizar Khatib,Noor Saadi,Michael G. Ross,Zeev Weiner,Ron Beloosesky | | American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2018; 219(1): 113.e1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 77 |
Morpho-physiological and antioxidant response to NaCl-induced stress in in vitro shoots of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) |
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| G. Urbinati,P. Nota,A. Frattarelli,P. Di Cori,S. Lucioli,C. Forni,E. Caboni | | Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 2018; 40(8) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 78 |
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from aqueous leaf extract of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) and their anticancer activity on human cervical cancer cells |
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| Sonia Sarkar,Venkatesan Kotteeswaran | | Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2018; 9(2): 025014 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 79 |
Dietary fruits and arthritis |
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| Arpita Basu,Jace Schell,R. Hal Scofield | | Food & Function. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 80 |
Functional Food and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment: A Review |
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| Sedigheh Asgary,Ali Rastqar,Mahtab Keshvari | | Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2018; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 81 |
Effect of Pomegranate Juice on Intestinal Recovery Following Methotrexate-Induced Intestinal Damage in a Rat Model |
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| Ron Shaoul,Dalia Moati,Betty Schwartz,Yulia Pollak,Igor Sukhotnik | | Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2018; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 82 |
One pot environmental friendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Punica Granatum Juice: A novel antioxidant agent for future dermatological and cosmetic applications |
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| Jennifer Gubitosa,Vito Rizzi,Angela Lopedota,Paola Fini,Anna Laurenzana,Gabriella Fibbi,Fiorenza Fanelli,Andrea Petrella,Valentino Laquintana,Nunzio Denora,Roberto Comparelli,Pinalysa Cosma | | Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2018; 521: 50 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 83 |
Effects of pomegranate supplementation on exercise performance and post-exercise recovery in healthy adults: a systematic review |
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| Achraf Ammar,Stephen J. Bailey,Hamdi Chtourou,Khaled Trabelsi,Mouna Turki,Anita Hökelmann,Nizar Souissi | | British Journal of Nutrition. 2018; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 84 |
The inhibitory effect of traditional pomegranate molasses on S. typhimurium
growth on parsley leaves and in mixed salad vegetables |
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| Dima Faour-Klingbeil,Ewen C. D. Todd | | Journal of Food Safety. 2018; : e12469 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 85 |
Molecular diversity and genetic relationships among Sri Lankan pomegranate Punica granatum
landraces assessed with inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) regions |
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| S. R. M. R. Attanayake,S. A. S. M. Kumari,W. A. P. Weerakkody,R. H. G. Ranil,A. B. Damania,P. C. G. Bandaranayake | | Nordic Journal of Botany. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 86 |
Punicic acid: A striking health substance to combat metabolic syndromes in humans |
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| Muhmmad Asim Shabbir,Moazzam Rafiq Khan,Muhammad Saeed,Imran Pasha,Anees Ahmed Khalil,Naila Siraj | | Lipids in Health and Disease. 2017; 16(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 87 |
Mechanisms of Endothelial Protection by Natural Bioactive Compounds from Fruit and Vegetables |
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| BERNARDITA MONSALVE,ANIBAL CONCHA-MEYER,IVÁN PALOMO,EDUARDO FUENTES | | Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 2017; 89(1 suppl): 615 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 88 |
Pomegranate fruit rot caused by Pilidiella granati in Mexico |
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| Erika A. Cintora-Martínez,Santos G. Leyva-Mir,Victoria Ayala-Escobar,Graciela D. Ávila-Quezada,Moisés Camacho-Tapia,Juan M. Tovar-Pedraza | | Australasian Plant Disease Notes. 2017; 12(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 89 |
Evaluation of unexplored pomegranate cultivars for physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity |
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| Abdul Hasib Viyar,Rashad Qadri,Amjad Iqbal,Numra Nisar,Imran Khan,Mohsin Bashir,Farooq Shah | | Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 90 |
Cardioprotective Effects of Pomegranate (Punica granatum
) Juice in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease |
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| Zahra Razani,Mostafa Dastani,Hamid Reza Kazerani | | Phytotherapy Research. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 91 |
Natural pomegranate juice reduces inflammation, muscle damage and increase platelets blood levels in active healthy Tunisian aged men |
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| Ammar Achraf,Chtourou Hamdi,Mouna Turki,Osama Abdelkarim,Fatma Ayadi,Anita Hoekelmann,Sourou Yaich,Nizar Souissi | | Alexandria Journal of Medicine. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 92 |
Effects of Pomegranate Juice Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Following Weightlifting Exercise |
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| Achraf Ammar,Mouna Turki,Omar Hammouda,Hamdi Chtourou,Khaled Trabelsi,Mohamed Bouaziz,Osama Abdelkarim,Anita Hoekelmann,Fatma Ayadi,Nizar Souissi,Stephen Bailey,Tarak Driss,Sourour Yaich | | Nutrients. 2017; 9(8): 819 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 93 |
Effects of Pomegranate and Spearmint Syrup on Nausea and Vomiting During Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial |
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| Shahrbanoo Abdolhosseini,Fataneh Hashem-Dabaghian,Roshanak Mokaberinejad,Omid Sadeghpour,Mitra Mehrabani | | Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2017; In Press(In Press) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 94 |
Nutraceutical properties of wild berry fruits from Southern Italy |
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| Marisa Carmela Caruso,Fernanda Galgano,Roberta Tolve,Maria Pecora,Idolo Tedesco,Fabio Favati,Nicola Condelli | | Journal of Berry Research. 2016; 6(3): 321 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 95 |
Inhibition of early AAA formation by aortic intraluminal pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) infusion in a novel porcine AAA model |
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| Brian O. Kloster,Lars Lund,Jes S. Lindholt | | Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 2016; 7: 65 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 96 |
Physical-chemical characterization of fourteen pomegranate genotypes of southern Jalisco, Mexico |
|
| Ernesto Tapia-Campos,Ma Claudia Castañeda-Saucedo,Jessica del Pilar Ramirez-Anaya,Karina Alarcón-Dominguez,Elia H. Valdés-Miramontes,Octavio Núñez-Maciel | | Scientia Horticulturae. 2016; 199: 163 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 97 |
Pomegranate extract prevents skeletal muscle of mice against wasting induced by acute TNF-a injection |
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| Julie Rodriguez,Olivier Caille,Daneel Ferreira,Marc Francaux | | Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 2016; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 98 |
Pomegranate Supplementation Accelerates Recovery of Muscle Damage and Soreness and Inflammatory Markers after a Weightlifting Training Session |
|
| Achraf Ammar,Mouna Turki,Hamdi Chtourou,Omar Hammouda,Khaled Trabelsi,Choumous Kallel,Osama Abdelkarim,Anita Hoekelmann,Mohamed Bouaziz,Fatma Ayadi,Tarak Driss,Nizar Souissi,Gordon Fisher | | PLOS ONE. 2016; 11(10): e0160305 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 99 |
Pomegranate-Derived Polyphenols Reduce Reactive Oxygen Species Production via SIRT3-Mediated SOD2 Activation |
|
| Chong Zhao,Takenori Sakaguchi,Kosuke Fujita,Hideyuki Ito,Norihisa Nishida,Akifumi Nagatomo,Yukimasa Tanaka-Azuma,Yoshinori Katakura | | Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2016; 2016: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 100 |
Punica granatumL. (Pomegranate) Extract:In VivoStudy of Antimicrobial Activity againstPorphyromonas gingivalisinGalleria mellonellaModel |
|
| Livia Aparecida Procópio Gomes,Lívia Mara Alves Figueiredo,Ana Luiza do Rosário Palma,Barbara Maria Corrêa Geraldo,Kelly Cristine Isler Castro,Luciana Ruano de Oliveira Fugisaki,Antônio Olavo Cardoso Jorge,Luciane Dias de Oliveira,Juliana Campos Junqueira | | The Scientific World Journal. 2016; 2016: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 101 |
An evidence-based approach to medicinal plants for the treatment of sperm abnormalities in traditional Persian medicine |
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| M. Tahvilzadeh,M. Hajimahmoodi,T. Toliyat,M. Karimi,R. Rahimi | | Andrologia. 2016; 48(8): 860 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 102 |
Effect of sodium fluoride on the oviductal mucosa of adult albino rats and the possible protective role of pomegranate peel extract |
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| Shereen S. El-Abd,Marwa A.A. Ibrahim | | The Egyptian Journal of Histology. 2016; 39(2): 191 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 103 |
Functional foods as potential therapeutic options for metabolic syndrome |
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| L. Brown,H. Poudyal,S. K. Panchal | | Obesity Reviews. 2015; 16(11): 914 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 104 |
Efficacy of the Punica granatum peels aqueous extract for symptom management in ulcerative colitis patients. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial |
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| Mohammadali Kamali,Hamid Tavakoli,Mahmoud Khodadoost,Hamed Daghaghzadeh,Mohammad Kamalinejad,Latif Gachkar,Marjan Mansourian,Payman Adibi | | Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2015; 21(3): 141 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 105 |
Punicalagin exerts protective effect against high glucose-induced cellular stress and neural tube defects |
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| Jianxiang Zhong,E. Albert Reece,Peixin Yang | | Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2015; 467(2): 179 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 106 |
The protective effect of pomegranate extract against cisplatin toxicity in rat liver and kidney tissue |
|
| Salih Bakir,Ümit Can Yazgan,Ibrahim Ibiloglu,Bilal Elbey,Murat Kizil,Mustafa Kelle | | Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry. 2015; 121(4): 152 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
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